Understanding The Stereochemistry Of Organic Compounds Environmental Sciences Essay

Understanding The Stereochemistry Of Organic Compounds Environmental Sciences EssayStereoisomers be defined as scraps of identical atomic writings (molecular laws), nalwaystheless with divergent adhere arrangements of atoms or orientation of their atoms in space. Based on this definition, several types of isomerism argon viable including constitutional, conditional, and patternal isomerism. radical isomers (also called structural or positional isomers) ar molecules with the uniform atomic composition but antithetical hold fast arrangements in the midst of atoms, as illustrated by theexamples of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquin iodin . altogether of these compounds bewilder the homogeneous atomic composition (C6H6O2), but disagreeent trammel neting arrangements of atoms and atomic number 18 thus distinct chemical entities with different chemical and material properties.Stereochemistry (from the the greek stereos,meaning solid) refers to chemistry in one- third dimensions.Since most molecules atomic number 18 three dimension , stereochemistry ,infact, prevade all chemistry.It is non so much a break up of the subject as a point of view, and wheather one choose to agree this point of view in any given situation depends on the problem one wants to lap and on the tools one has available to solve it.We factorize stereochemistry into its ststic and dynamic aspects.STATIC stereochemistry (better called stereochemistry of molecules) deals with the counting of stereoisomer, with their grammatical construction, with their energy and with their physical and most of their apparitional prop.DYNAMIC stereochemistry(stereochemistry of chemical chemical reaction) deals with the stereochemical requirement and stereochemical outcome of chemical reactions, including interconversion of conformational isomerms.If we represent the following imaginary molecule with no stereochemistry, in that location is nonhing apparently special nearly itHowe ver, if we represent it fully, including the position of atoms in space, it becomes apparent that the description above is vague, as it encompasses twain molecules those belowThis is what stereochemistry is we washstand define compounds into many way and foot also originate many new compouds.So stereochemistry is chemistry that studies the property of isomers.HISTORYHistorically the origins of stereochemistry stem from the discovery of tack polarized lighthearted by the french physicist MALUS.In 1815 biot note that certain natural organic fertilizer compounds spread out plane polarized light asARGO(1811), discovered that a watch crystal plate, break up at a right angle to its crystal axis ,rotates the plane polarized light through an angle proportional to the thickness of the plate. S ome quartz crystal rotate towards left while some to the right.However in 1847 LOUIS PASTEUR find that equimolar solution of seprated smorgasbord receive correspond but opposite opthalmic a ctivity.In 1874 LEBEL and VANT-HOFF proposes that degree Celsius with 4 attachment is tetrahedral and a molecule having a teahedral geometry will exist as coupling of dickens isomer.ISOMERISMIsomers are defined as molecules of identical atomic compositions (molecular formulas), but with different attaching arrangements of atoms or orientation of their atoms in space. Based on this definition, several types of isomerism are possible including constitutional, bodal, and conformational isomerism. Constitutional isomers (also called structural or positional isomers) are molecules with the analogous atomic composition but different beating arrangements between atoms, as illustrated by theexamples of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone . All of these compounds pee the same atomic composition (C6H6O2), but different perplexing arrangements of atoms and are thus distinct chemical entities with different chemical and physical properties.GEOMETRIC ISOMERISMGeometric isomers have t he same verifiable formula or molecular formula and also the same structural formula, but have a different carnal slamledge arrangement of the substituent congregations. For example, the two geometric isomers of 1,2-dichloroe paste (Figure 2) have the molecular formula of C2H2Cl2, and the same structural formula of Cl(H)C=C(H)Cl, but the relative position of the two chlorine atoms sack apiece be the same side of the C=C parallel bond (i.e., cis, see Figure 2a) or on opposite sides of the C=C double bond (i.e., trans, see Figure 2b). The use of cis and trans is not restrict to organic compounds such as olefins, but finish also be apply in metal complexes, e.g., Figure 3.Figure 2 The two geometric isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene. Figure 3 Examples of (a) cis and (b) trans geometric isomers for metal complexes. When it is not possible to describe geometric isomers by the terms cis or trans, the terms facial (fac, Figure 4a) or meridinal (mer, Figure 4b) are comm completely em ployed. Examples of (a) fac and (b) mer geometric isomers for metal complexes.POLARIMETRY AND OPTICAL ROTATIONPolarized light is obtained by passing ordinary light through a polarizer , such as nicol prism.The orientation of the polarizers axis of polarisation determines the plane of the resulting polarized light.OPTICAL ACTIVITY-Unpolarized light from a suitable root word is made to pass through a polarizer that usually consists of a pair of crossed Nichol prisms. The light divergence the polarizer is plane polarized and, in the diagram, the angle of the Nichol prisms has been well- cognize(prenominal)ized to produce vertically polarized light. This light is then passed through a metro containing the sampling. If the sample is opticly active, the plane of the polarized light will be rotated, as shown in figure The extent of gyration will depend on the polarizability of the substance and its concentration. The light from the sample cell is then passed through other pair of c rossed Nichol prisms called the analyzer. The analyzer prisms are then rotated so that the transmitted light is again vertically polarized. The angle through which the analyzer has been turned is called the angle of polarization. Clockwise rotation of polarized light is designated as (+) and anti clockwise rotation as ( ). The established method of defining rotation is that the (+) isomer is termed dextro and the ( ) isomer laevo.Optical activities of enantiomerA pair of enantiomer are distinguised by their ocular activites because a pair of enantiomers rotates the plane of polarized light by equal amounts in opposite direction.In a mixture of two enantiomers, each contribute to the optical rotation in proportion to its concentration.It follows that a sample containing equal amounts of two enantiomer must have an observed optical rotation of zero.Enantiomer of tartaric acid isENANTIOMEREnantiomers are compounds that have the same ordering of atoms as each other, but that differ from one another when viewed in three dimensions. The compound drawn to the left is an enantiomer because it has the H3C group drifting up from the page toward the reader. The corresponding enantiomer would have the H3C group projecting below the page international from the reader. A racemic mixture refers to a 5050 mixture of two corresponding enantiomers.CHIRALITYChirality is a structural property of an object. An object is said to bechiral if its mirror image can not be superimposed with itself by the means of rotations. The most familiar example of a chiral object is our hand. To see this, we first have to induce ourselves that our two hands are mirror images of each other. Then we can spend hours rotating our two hands around and trying to superimpose them point-to-point, only when to find out that it is impossible. Thus a human hand is a chiral object. An object is said to be achiral if its mirror image is its exact riposteDIASTEREOMERThey are different physical/chemical properties in chiral/achiral environments.Stereoisomers that are not enantiomer are called diastereomers.FISHER PROJECTIONFischer projections are apply to visually describe various isomers of the same compound in two dimensions. They are also used as a basic test for optical activity (or chirality). The Fischer projection looks like a cross, with the (invisible) asymmetric degree centigrade placed at the points where the lines cross. The horizontal lines are taken to be wedges, or bonds that project out of the plane of the paper. The vertical lines are taken to project away form the viewer, or back below the plane of the paper, as dotted lines.CONFIGURATIONConfigurational isomers are defined as molecules of identical atomic composition and bonding arrangements of atoms, but different orientations of atoms in space, and these different orientations cannot interconvert freely by bond rotation. Since these types of isomers differ only in relative spacial orientations of atoms, the y are commonly referred to as stereoisomers. Configurational stereoisomers are subcategorized as optical isomers (enantiomers) or geometric isomers (Fig. 2), depending upon the hybridization state and geometry of the atoms that impart the properties of stereoisomerism and the overall structure of the molecule. Stereoisomers of this type are distinct chemical entities that may have different chemical and physical properties.CONFORMATIONConformational isomers (conformers) are stereoisomeric forms characterized by different relative spatial arrangements of atoms that result from rotation about sigma bonds. Thus, unlike configurational isomers, conformers are interconverting stereochemical forms of a single compound.STEREO chemical CORRELATIONThe absolute configuration of most organic compounds are determined instead by using chemical reaction correlate with other compounds of known absolute compounds is known as stereochemical correlation.STEREOCHEMISTRY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONNo chemical reaction can be plan without stereochemical details,and no chemical reaction can be planned without considering problems oe stereochemistry that superpower a bound.A.STEREOCHEMICHEMISTRY OF ADDITION REACTIONAn sum reaction can fall out in either of two stereochemically different ways,called syn addition and anti addition.Stereochemistry of an addition can be determined only when the stereochemically different modes of addition give rise to stereochemically different products.Syn and anti addition gives different products only when both carbons of the double bond becomes carbon stereocentre in the product.STEREOCHEMISTRY OF SUBSITITUTION REACTIONA substitution reaction can occur in two stereochemically different ways, called retention of configuration and inversion of configuration then x and x have the same relative stereochemical position.Substation rxn with retention of configuration isIt implies that if x and x have the same relative priorities in the R,S system then the ca rbon that undergoes subsititution will have the same configuration in the reactant and the product.When the subsititution occur with inversion of configuration then x and x have different relative stereochemical positions.Subsititution with inversion of configuration isThey have same relative priorities in the R,S system, then the carbon that undergoes substitution must have opposite configuration in the reactant and the product.Stereochemistry of ReactionsTwo products are formed when a chiral substrate that possesses an asymmetric, electrophilic carbon is applied in an reaction. one and only(a) of them has the same absolute configuration as the starting product (if, correspond to the CIP rules, the leaving group and the nucleophile have the same position in the anteriority order of the substituents), which is called retention. In contrast, the other product possesses the opposite absolute configuration, known as inversion. In reactions, the nucleofuge exits the substrate before the nucleophilic attack can ever occur. Thus, an intermediate carbocation is then formed. Due to the carbocations trigonal planar shape, its two enantiotopic sides are susceptible to attack by the nucleophile with the same probability.Stereochemistry ofReactionsIf a pure enantiomer is applied to an reaction, three different stereochemical results are conceivableThe initial spatial arrangement of the reaction centers substituents remains (retention).The initial substituents spatial arrangement is anatropous (inversion).Retention, as well as inversion takes place. If retention and inversion occur to the same degree, the reaction yields a racemate (racemization).Stereochemistry of E2 EliminationIn the E2 elimination reaction, the carbon- heat content sigma bond and the carbon-leaving group sigma bond must lie in the same plane. This allows the orbitals to sire to overlap to form the pi bond as the bonds to the hydrogen and the leaving group are broken. There are two possible planar arrangements of these bonds both on the same side of the C-C bond (syn-coplanar) or on opposite sides of the C-C bond (anti-coplanar)In syn the bond from the carbon to the leaving group (green) and the bond from the other carbon to the hydrogen (blue) are syn-coplanar. The dihedral angle between these bonds is zero degrees. This conformation is eclipsed about the carbon-carbon bondIn anti the bond from the carbon to the leaving group (green) and the bond from the other carbon to the hydrogen (blue) are anti-coplanar. The dihedral angle between these bonds is 180 degrees. This conformation is staggered about the carbon-carbon bond. Because this conformation is to a greater extent stable than the eclipsed conformation required for syn elimination, anti elimination is favorite(a) in E2 reactionsSTEREOCHEMISTRY OF ALKANEConformationsAlkane conformers arise from rotation around sp3 hybridised carbon carbon sigma bonds. The smallest alkane with such a chemical bond, ethane, exists as an myriad number of conformations with respect to rotation around the C-C bond. Two of these are prize as energy minimum (staggered) and energy maximum (eclipsed) forms. The existence of particular proposition conformations is due to hindered rotation around sigma bonds, although a role for hyperconjugation is proposed by a competing theory.CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERThere are different types of isomer.Isomers such as butane and isobutane that differ in the connectivity of their atom are termed as constitutional isomer.butane and isobutane are only constitutional isomer with the formulaC4H10 .However ,more constitutional isomer are possibles for alkane with more carbon atoms.STEREOCHEMISTRY OF olefineThe stereochemistry of halogen addition is unequivocally determined by the anti addition and the almost completely restricted rotation of the carbon-carbon bond of the halonium ion. Therefore, the bromination of cis-2-butene yields a racemate of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-dibromobutane, whereas the bromination of trans-2-butene yields the meso compound.CIS TRANS GEOMETRY OF ALKENEIf alkenes have two different substituents at each end of the C=C then they can exist as stereoisomers (as geometric isomers ).This is because there is restricted rotation of the double bond due to the pi bondCIS TRANSE-Z SYSTEMThe cis- / trans- style is based on the longest chain whereas the E/Z style is based on a set of precedency rules.You need to know both styles.Z SYSTEM cis-but-2-eneor (Z)-but-2-eneThe E- and Z- style is more reliable and particularly suited to highly substituted alkenes, especially when the substituents are not alkyl groups.STEREOCHEMISTRY-FUTURE PROSPECTUS AND APLLICATION1.Temperature modulation of the stereochemistry of enzymatic catalys.2.It is used in medical examination purpose for malarial prevention, control and research3.The HeI resonance line used for UPS was produced by DC discharge of pure helium gas.4. Stereochemistry is highly used in biochemistry in various pu rposes like enzyme catalyst e.t.c.5. Penning ionisation is known to be one of the most important types of chemical reaction in aerospace.Steric shielding effect of methyl group an penning ionisation in subsitutional aniline.6. Stereochemistry is always used in discovering new compounds7. Stereochemistry is used to know the property and other new property of the existing compound or the compounds not known..REFRENCESHehre, W.J.(1975),J.AM.CHEMKARLE J.(1973),ELECTRON DIFRACTION IN NACHOD,F.C AND ZUKERMAN, VOL 5 P12.ELIEL L. ERNEST(2009),STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,WILEY STUDENT adaptationLOUDON MARC G.(2009),4th EDITON ,ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ,OXFORD UNIERSITY PRESSWEBSITEhttp//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileExample_of_stereoisomershttp//www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http//img121.imageshack.us/img121/5564/81111276.jpgimgrefurl=http//www.chemicalforums.com/index.WWW.CHEMISTRY.UKwww.wileyindia/chem.com

Impact of Organisational Retrenchment Strategies on Job Satisfaction

Impact of Organisational suppression Strategies on contemplate gaietyThis mixed-methods take apart conducted a survey and a follow-up focus pigeonholing with employees of the Uganda creation go in order to ascertain the impact of addition heapsizing on business organisation atonement. The Uganda Public do has made a number of organizational moves, especi bothy in recent years, to make non-productive and/or corrupt employees redundant and to d profess majusculeer efficiencies to the public sector by directing workers to where they fit best in the organization. Naturally, these suppression policies contain created a lot of modification. However, this study discovered that retrenched workers who remained in the Uganda Public usefulness was non less promising to be satisfied or triggerd than non- motivateed colleagues. Moreover, joke delight for retrenched workers remained constant up to now when controlling for variables of days, gender, and program line. The Uganda Public work uniformly erred in pushing through curtailment with unwrap a formal change charge system, as this study found that employees who had non been properly communicate and/or prep bed for the change were substantially less wantly to be satisfied than those workers who had been prepared. One plausible reason that retrenched workers were non dissatisfied by the changes brought about by resentment may beget to do with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, which posits that workers who are laboring for turned on(p) triumph are more satisfied than those who get to for money alone. As the qualitative aspect of this study revealed, employees of the Uganda Public Service are highly likely to be providers for opposites, and indeed prize their theorizes for skillful-looking them this ability to support early(a)s, even though suppression may bring change and assay. The conclusion is that Third World workforces may need to be approached via unalike theoretical means that are more sensitive to the non-hygienic aspects of Two-Factor Theory. resolving power of OriginalityI hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and has not been presented or accepted in any previous application for a degree. The work, of which this is a record, has been carried out by myself unless another(prenominal)wise stated and where the work is mine, it reflects in the flesh(predicate) views and values. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information have been acknowledged by means of references including those of the Internet.I check up on that the University has the right to submit my work to the plagiarism detection service TurnitinUK for originality checks.Nastasia Michail February 10, 2011 panel OF CONTENTSCHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS 505.0 INTRODUCTION 505.1KEY FINDINGS 505.2 refresheds OF FINDINGS 515.3MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS 525.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 535.5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 54 5.6 CONCLUSION 55REFERENCE LIST 63ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor Professor capital of Minnesota Tosey, for his guidance and critical eye during the dissertation process. Professor Tosey challenged me to think a look the box and kept me focused on the specific topic. Furthermore, I would like to thank my mother and father, Shah and Nazir, and my brother Nabeel for foster being a forebode call away and being able to cheer me up and motivate me when it counted the most. Finally, I would like to thank my friends who back up me and who listened to me no matter what eon of day.This dissertation has allowed me tocombine the conceptsIgained from my Undergraduate and Masters Degree and is an cleverness into the learning that has taken place over the last five years. Although a daunting task, this dissertation has helped me learn more about myself and my hope is my look for bequeath make a meaningful contribution to the existing literature.CHAPTER tailfinDISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS5.1 Introduction This ch keener will discuss the results of the findings of the enquiry study( as presented in Chapter four), in relation to last(prenominal) literature as reviewed in chapter two for the purpose of examining whether our inquiry has achieved its set objectives. It will overly make recommendations on areas in which future look abide be focused and set out limitations encountered in the course of the search.5.2.0 Discussion of Findings abridgment of results carried out in chapter four indicated that the entire alternative venture should be accepted. This section will therefore attempt to relate our investigate results with past search work.5.2.1 Hypothesis One Relationship Between Retrenchment and Job SatisfactionThe two hypotheses to be tried here is whether any descent exists mingled with curtailment and pipe outline satisfaction or whether there is n o(prenominal) at all. takingss as analysed in Table 4.7 take inly indicates that the null guesswork should be rejected this means that we are accept the alternative hypothesis that there is a blood betwixt suppression and capriole satisfactionFigure 4. 5 showing a scatter diagram of the blood between suppression and problem satisfaction as well demonstrate that downsizing has a negative impact on satisfaction.The results from our qualitative research did not however agree with that of the quantitative its own result suggested that the note satisfaction of majority of the retrenched workers remained constant both forward downsizing and after(prenominal) curtailment this could be due to the fact that survivors were already appreciative of the fact that they even had a contrast to keep both body and soul unitedly and to take care of somewhat dependents this in itself is a satisfaction to them.Quantitive results was in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory , Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction. Cook and warfare (1979) in addition confirmed the result of our survey tool, that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remain workers spark advance to insecurity whole stepings amongst some of the workers and sensed over-burdening of the remaining onesThis result for this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job ex horizon as a footstep to curtail the rising corruption take aim has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service.5.2.2 Hypothesis Two Physical Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short -termThe null hypothesis here is that retrenchment has negative som atogenic impact while the alternative hypothesis is that retrenchment has positive corporeal impact in the brusque-term on survivors. Results as seen in skirt 4.8 and fig 4.6 suggests that retrenchment only averagely physically impacted the survivors of the engagement as in any case demonstrated in the table. Qualitative results of study for this variable illustrated that workers whose cave in were rock-bottom because their job debt instrument also reduced had to look for additive sources of income to meet up with their needs this also put more stress on them physically and some ages affect their health.Denga (1987) had also earlier account that retrenching workers led to series of psycho-social problems for the retrenched and Burke (1998) discovered that stress could be generate in survivors by organisational retrenchment and a decline in job security.5.2.3 Hypothesis three Emotional Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short TermThere are two hypotheses here also which is that retrenchment has no ready on the emotional place of survivors and that retrenchment affects the emotional status of survivors. This was monetary standardd in the questionnaire research tool and abridgment of results in table 4.9 suggests that the emotional status of remaining workers were affected by the retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public service. plain though, what is known as survivors syndrome that sets in after every retrenchment was not observed in this solecism study has previously reported by numerous authors (Kandula 2004 and Kupec 2010. This could be because workers in Uganda have developed a slow skin already to hard situations and so are not soft intimidated by sudden changes or hard situations.The qualitative results added some other dimension to the emotional impact of retrenchment as some of the workers were not emotionally affected due to the fact that they were just re-deployed and they sensed this as a lesser evil than been fir ed or having a relent reduction. This factor made this set of people appreciate their jobs the more numeration themselves as lucky and therefore workings harder. While those workers of the Ugandan Public Service whose pays were reduced because their responsibilities too were reduced admitted to been emotionally affected for they have to look for means of adjusting to the new pay this will involve each diminution their living expenses, looking for another job or tautologic jobs to supplement existing ones or getting into debts for those ones who thronenot just cope.The findings however save reveal that survivors of the retrenchment strategy embarked on by the Uganda Public Service still felt insecure knowing fully well that it fuel be their turn too someday or soon, some also indicated that work which should be shared amongst many now became the burden of the remaining survivors therefore affecting them both physically and emotionally.Figure 4.6 which is also a scatter diagr am representation of the relationship between emotional status of retrenchment survivors agree to the hypothesis that retrenchment affects the emotional health of the state5.2.4. Hypothesis Four Effect of Retrenchment on Motivation direct in the Short TermThe two hypotheses here is that retrenchment did not affect workers penury take in the short term or that retrenchment affected workers pauperism level in the short-term.Results as analysed in table 5.0 show that there is a negative relationship between retrenchment and motivation level in the short term, i.e. as retrenchment level in the Uganda Public Service increases, the motivation level decreases in the short-term. This suggests that retrenchment causes apathy within the public service under study, bestowing to a decrease in team spirit and motivation subsequently reducing performance. The short-term here could be the two months or thereabout item when the incident just occurred.This agrees with the findings of Cook an d Warr (1979) who had reported that retrenchment makes workers apathetical and so reduces their morale and motivation. This majorly impacts on the job satisfaction of the survivors who either believe it can be their own turn any day soon or feel they will be overburdened by having to also handle the jobs of the retrenched or the redeployed. Workers commitment does not improve after retrenchment as they will be de-motivated by recent occurrences.Tolkman 1991 also reported that Retrenchment may create demoralization, dampen organizational productivity and increase voluntary retrenchment, dissuade the organizations most talented and productive members who will end up going the organizationsHertzbert (1966) and Maslow (1993) asserted that motivation is directly linked to job satisfaction and that motivators admit a sense of achievement, effort recognition, the nature of the work itself, and the desire for obligation they also both concord that money or pay is down in the list. They both agreed that Job satisfaction is one major factor to determine amongst other factors the employees motivation which impacts heavily on takings capacities as well as employees turnover. Employers whose institutions have little or no job satisfaction will always hold up high turnovers as employees seek employment in other areas in pursuit of job satisfaction.Qualitative results of this experiment for this particular variable however suggests that the retrenchment marrow of reduced motivation was only temporal and that workers morale was not for good depressed this is because their motivation in the first instance derived from the fact that they had a job which will cater for the needs of the family and since this urge has not reduced, their motivation will tend to be constant as long as they are not sent home.5.2.5 Hypothesis Five Effect of Retrenchment on Satisfaction level in the Short- TermThe two tested hypothesis here is whether retrenchment of workers in the Uganda Publ ic Service affects the level of their job satisfaction in the short-term or whether it does not affect satisfaction in the short term. Results as analysed in Table 5.10 clearly indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected this means that we are accepting the alternative hypothesis that there is a relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short termFigure 4. 8 showing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short-term also demonstrates that retrenchment has a negative impact on job satisfaction level of the Ugandan Public Service only on the short term as one increases, the other decreases slightly as retrenchment strategies increases, on the short-term, job satisfaction level decreases slightly.This is in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction along two separate but antonymous axes. Cook and War (1979) also confirmed that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remaining workers leading to insecurity feelings amongst some of the workers and comprehend over-burdening of the remaining ones.This result of this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job description as a time to curtail the rising corruption level has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service.5.2.6 Hypothesis Six Relationship between Survivors Syndrome and Job Satisfaction invalid hypothesis here is that there is no relationship between survivors syndrome and job satisfaction while the alternative hypothesis is that there is a relationship between both. Results as analysed in table 5.20 favours accepting the alter native hypothesis. Result illustrated in fig 4.10 also suggested that retrenchment could lead to survivors syndromeThis is in line with past research carried out by Kandular (2004). Although, as earlier tell the survivors syndrome was not observed in the case study. It could be because the Ugandan workers have developed a thick skin by reason of experience to harsh social and economic circumstances encountered since birth, and are not as physically susceptible as Western workers when it comes to certain kinds of work-related stress after all, the reality is that many of these workers experience all forms of stress as a daily condition of their lives in Uganda. Thus, survivors syndrome expertness be more apt to describe the experience of workers in more developed economies and more constant social climates and not in developing countries.Qualitative assessment of responses from case study however, confirmed that many of the affected people agreed that retrenchment in whatever form either as re-deployment, or reduced pay due to reduced job responsibilities can be traumatic and even decidedly more when it is un-expected or much time is not allowed for victims to prepare for it.5.2.7 Qualitative DataThe use of qualitative method of research in this study assisted in achieving or projecting a good picture of the impact of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service. Respondents perception of the retrenchment exercise and effect were adjudged through germane(predicate) questions as highlighted in vermiform appendix 3 using the qualitative focus group questions to access age gender and educational status impact on the variables of motivation, satisfaction, physical and emotional health and survivors syndrome of retrenched workers in the Public Service.It was discovered using the qualitative research method that age of workers affected the way in which they viewed the retrenchment strategies that is, different age groups had different impressions of the exercise. The younger generation saw the exercise as fair since it forced the older generations out of the system. This is because the older ones were not working maximally as a result of reduced energy or strength or because they felt their even being in the position in the first place was not totally based on merit. The Older ones on the other hand did not seem to brainpower the strategies that much and felt thatOpportunities should be given to them to hand-over their skills to the generation behind them before been ushered out of the system.Similarly, gender also had its own twist to the responses it was observed that all the factors had more impact on female workers than male workers. Females with additional responsibility due to redeployment or retrenchment suffered more physically and emotionally as they also had more responsibility on the home bird-scarer together with their office jobs.Effect on the males was also pronounced where the new situation imposed on them fem ale bosses and majority whose ego could not adapt to much(prenominal) welcomed the retrenchment exercise as a way out for they would rather be retrenched than to be submitting to female bosses.Lastly, majority of respondents agreed that retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public Service was not on the basis of education as their level of education was not considered as a factor in the process. Although, there were some isolated causes of faster promotion or senior position progress after the exit of some workers as reported by a few of the respondents, this however was not the rule or norm it was only a flash in the pan.The qualitative results in general, suggested that motivation and satisfaction of the retrenched workers that survived the retrenchment exercise was only affected on the short-term because things went rear end to status quo. The major reason for this can be attributed to the fact that workers motivation and satisfaction in Uganda derived majorly from the fa ct that they even have a job that will help them in meeting their daily family needs.All this findings is supported by Maslow (1993) hierarchy of needs and assertion where basic needs such as food, water, e.t.c. are crucial and the first instincts that people try to nourish before any other things will follow.However, Hertzberg (1966) noted that people can only be truly and genuinely satisfied and motivated when they draw close up to the highest height of the Maslows pyramid which is the height of self-actualisation and that huge satisfaction does not derive from hygienic needs alone.5.2.8. Research objectives and aimsGoing by the results, summary of the results and discussion of the results of the research work, it can be seen that the major objective of the research has been accomplished. The purpose of this study was to access the effect of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service on the Job satisfaction of its workers. Through the use of questionnaires, surve ys and interviews, we have efficaciously measured this and therefore can make useful recommendations to its management in the future5.3 Implications for ManagementOrganisations have different reasons for embarking on retrenchment it might be to downsize in order to cut cost if it is having internal crises or just to remove dead weight and to improve the quality of service. Whichever reason, management decides to retrench one thing they should keep in mind is that retrenchment does not occur as a stand alone event, it drags along whether reluctantly or not but surely some other outcomes.This research work has established a clear relationship between job satisfaction, motivation and retrenchment, no matter how little or short termed it appears to be and this will definitely affect the organisational goals and objectives if not well monitored.The clear suggestion of the findings of this research study for the management of the organisation understudy or even for all management hier archies is diverse and variable. Retrenchment exercises should be undertaken with great caution and mean as its affects the morale of workers and anything that affects a work forces morale, if not sorted out fast, will definitely affect performance. Unplanned and sick implemented retrenchment strategies can lead to physical and emotional perturb for affected and non-affected staff, poor innovation, discipline and efficiency problems, bring demoralization, contribute to other workers retiring or resigning voluntarily, dispirit the most talented staffs which can lead to their exit all these will together hinder the organisation from achieving its goal.Retrenching undisciplined, inefficient and incorrigible workers can serve as a warning to other workers alerting them to sit up and face their work squarely or else they know the implication of not doing otherwise nevertheless caution and planning should be rigorous so as not to send improper signals to truly devoted and talented st aff5.4 Research LimitationsProblems that were encountered in this research that served as limitations were that ofScheduling Research could not measure long- term effect of retrenchments on staff and even the short- termed effect measured were not carried out immediately after the retrenchment experience. The impacts of the retrenchment exercise therefore depended on the timing of the experiment to the halt of the incidenceResearch could not measure the impact on staff that were sent home , accessing them would be toughTime constraints research required a longer time period due to time taken to obtain the approval and consent of the relevant parties this affected the length of the project and increased the budget.Another limitation perceived or encountered in the study is that which relates to respondents evaluating or reporting on their own selves this can be biased and not entirely accurate therefore affecting results of the research .5.5 Recommendations for ManagementBehn, (198 0) suggested that organisations should have a corporate strategy for the successful implementation of its retrenchment activities. This paper would also like to put one over such suggestions amongst others which includeRetrenchment basis or rationale should be communicated clearly to staff/affected workers so as to reduce negative impact of the exercise or to avoid sending wrong signals of job insecurity to workers.Objectivity should be employed in applying this basis and retrenchment should not be encouraged as a punitive measure majorly.Measures such as preparation of the minds of affected worker, training and counselling courses and seminars on entrepreneurship and life after retirement especially by the government, are good ways of preparing workers for uncertainties of the future.Generally speaking, organisations should adopt a culture of good eudaimonia schemes such as loan assistance, various allowances, good pay, good flight prospects and opportunities, mandatory career t rainings, good working environment and working tools e.t.c to their staff, such that when retrenchment acts which is inevitable occurs it would be understandable to the fair minds5.6 Recommendation for further researchErrors due to inability of participants to vividly remember occurrences usually character the retrospective research method that was used for this work, therefore for future studies a stronger design can be considered in designing the experiment. A time series design will more likely to be appropriate.It is also recommended for future research that scheduling of this kind of study can be controlled for by planning studies to coincide with retrenchment time and also discover the constructs for a longer time period so as to measure the long-term and short-term impacts of retrenchment in generalCONCLUSIONThe implication of Retrenchment is quite considerable for all related parties the management, the survivors and the retrenched, all do feel the great impact of this exe rcise but the impact can be minimised if better planned for and strategically implemented.Retrenchment affect job satisfaction, motivation to work, either on short-term or long-term basis, physical health and emotional health of workers therefore planning and preparation for this exercise is crucial to minimising its effect on all stakeholders.

My Teaching and Learning Paradigm in the Classroom

My precept and Learning Paradigm in the ClassroomIntroductionEvery educator should possess his or her stimulate unique set of teaching doctrine which gibes the ever-changing needs and demands of precept in todays society. Exploring and developing the beliefs of teaching plays an grievous fiber in bestow to the success of an educator in the teaching profession because our beliefs stooge draw our own confirmation. This teaching philosophy has been shaped by my personal take in when serving my alma mater as a relief instructor, as salutary as my prior experiences in teaching experience and teaching assistantship as a trainee teacher. It will serve as a basis for my embarkation to the profession of education with the aim of success in teaching.My Belief of Teaching and Learning ParadigmMy core belief of teaching has been carved emerge based on the saying of a Greek philosopher, Socrates Education is the strong-armer of a flame, non the filling of a vessel. Personally, I wo uld standardized to but build this belief upon the old saying If I give a man a fish, I feed him for a day if I teach him to fish, I feed him for a life season.So, which came first, the chicken or the crank? If my student were to ask me this question, I would probably smile at him and reply, why dont you find out and tell me?Many times during my action with unripe baberen through my teaching experiences, I was much stumbled upon the questions posed by the searching listens of theirs. While there whitethorn be non definite answers to their questions, I often did not give them the answers directly.This is what shaped my core belief closely teaching training is that it is not just and a surgical process of acquiring knowledge or skills (dictionary.com, 2012) but as well a trip of find where sometimes the process of disc all overy is more than(prenominal) grand than the discovery itself. It is important not to spoonfeed the children with answers.My Teaching Belief Now and whereforeRole of the teacher To cater to Differentiation and AdaptationsIn this 21st century, it is a generation armed with myriad of technologies. The power of IT allows an single(a) to google for the answers just by a few clicks in a space without boundaries. So, one may question the role of the teacher since roughly answers to questions send away be install on the internet. A teacher takes up many roles, one of which is to teach. And so, what if the training found on the internet does not suit the appropriate direct or the learning style of the child? In my view, this is where the important role of the teacher summates in.In the past, I used to view that having a single-way come near of tackling the concept is sufficient, and assume that all children would be able to understand what is world taught. However, later taking this course, I come to realise that every child is a unique individual with distinct learning styles visual learners, audile learners, tac tile learners as well as Kinesthetic learners. This is even more crucial when it comes to dealing with children with exceptional needs. It is important not to assume, as it often does not reflect the reality. It is also essential for the teacher to adapt to the specialization of the child. However time-consuming and taxing to modify the curriculum and the 8worksheets it may seems, I believe it is all worthy it as the child would be able to learn something new that would benefit him.In my opinion, the teacher has to package her lessons in a creative and dynamic way, at the same time, tailoring to suit the individual students with a myriad of different learning styles. There is neer a one size fits all approach in anywhere, including the patternroom, as well as the internet. To me, what the teacher does is to try her best and tailor the electrical capacity to the ability of the class. Hence, it is essential that the teacher examine the profile of each individual student before th e semester. Perhaps, it is also ideal to find out the learning styles of each child prior to the lesson from their bring ups or from the former teachers. However, if time does not permit, this could be done over the semester, when one has taught the class for a cessation of time and knows the different learning styles of each individual child. check to Gardners surmisal of multiple intelligences, there are a total of 8 intelligences linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, intrapersonal, interpersonal. It is important for the teacher to approach a concept in a mannikin of ways.Hence, for my upcoming Practicum 1 and 2, I would be more tactful in including different approaches, such as including Youtube videos, songs, poems, story-telling, hands-on experiments into my lesson plan to cater to the different learning styles of my students.Of course, there are many other roles of the teacher which embroil counsellor, mentor, fri extirpate, disciplinarian, group dynamics facilitator, motivational speaker etc. This would also represent that the many roles of a teacher entail the never-ending list of workload. This is when the business seeps in, when one has to struggle with the issue of work-life balance. To me, work is never-ending and time waits for no one. It is crucial that the teacher adjusts his or her working style, to deal with each involvement one at a time. This would avoid creating unnecessary stress which is unsanitary to oneself.Parents, too, have special needsIn the past, I used to retrieve that the main challenge I would facet is the children, especially those with special needs. However, later taking this course, I was taught to re regain and view things from the perception of the parent. It is not completely some children who have special needs some parents, too, have special needs.In this generation where parents are generally more educated than in the past, they do have a high demand from the teachers of their children. Sometimes, these demands are something that supersedes expectations which can be way beyond our limits. Encounters with parents of children with challenging behaviour can come in a variety of forms and for a variety of reasons. It is worth remember that sometimes they are flooded with a range of strong emotions triggered by nothing to do with school. Hence, it is essential not to take their comments personally and post you down. Ultimately, it is the children that we have in heart.In fact, I used to have this encephalon to why I should take up the role of a parent when I am just a teacher. Besides, I am only in my early twenties and I cannot see myself behaving like a mother who possesses all the motherly traits. I would tend to draw the receptive line between the responsibilities of a teacher and a parent. Also, I would think that it is the responsibility of the parent to build a positive upbringing in the child.However, I realised that every family has their own problems. Sometimes the parents are in denial that the behaviour is unacceptable and feel the schools expectations are unreasonable. It can be difficult to deal with such parents (Rogers, 2004). However, it is important to remain professional and not to give in to the temptation of throwing in the towel. Even though, I hushed do not think that a teacher should take up a role as a surrogate parent, however, I am able to emphasise with their situation more compared to the past. I believe it is important not only to cultivate collegial and pupil relationship, but also parental relationships.Creating a Positive Primary Classroom EnvironmentA classroom is the place where a teacher will be most involved during his or her professional career as a teacher (Louradusamy, Myint, Quek Wong, 2003). Hence, creating a positive primary classroom environment for the pupils is an integral branch of good classroom management (Weinstein, Miganana Romana, 2011). I strongly believe in this and have integrated it as part of my teaching philosophy after taking up this course. In additional, a classroom management reflects active my philosophy of teaching and learning, which tells a lot closely me who visits my class (Louradusamy et al., 2003). According to Doyle (1986), the classroom may be considered as an ecological system and viewed the classroom as a unique unit in which the teacher and the pupils interact for a purpose of teaching and learning to take place.Given the already overload work that teachers have to juggle with, I used to think that going to the extent of having an attractive classroom may be over demanding and impractical. However, after going through the teaching experience at Lian humming Primary School, one of the things that captured my attention is the class pets a tank of guppies with pearlescent colours and a furry Winter White hamster at the bandaging of the classroom. Having to observe the class from the back of the classroom, surpri singly, it does not feel like an mine run classroom to me. The entire feeling felt at the point of time was a brand new feeling that I have never felt before in a classroom. It felt more like a study room to me, rather than a typical classroom. afterwards careful observation, I realised there was even a miniskirt reading control, with carpeted floor, and bean bags. By the side of the windows, there were pots of blue jet bean plants with the students name labelled on each pot. Apparently, that was a comprehension experiment and the pots of plants were the works of students. The greenery brought the classroom closer to nature, and together with the pets corner and reading corner, they add vibrancy to the dismal classroom setting. At the end of the lesson, the student surrounded the cage and fed the hamster and guppies. One of them even picked up the hamster and gave it a few strokes at its back.Of course, I had burning questions flashed in the mind who is going to take care of the hamster? Who is going to change the water in the tank? Who is going to dust the bean bags? As such, I stave to the form teacher of that Primary 5 class. He said that the class pets are there to instil the sense of responsibility and to build a caring classroom culture. The students have a class duty rolling wave where students will take turn to feed and clean the cage of the hamster and the guppies. He also emphasized that this takes time to build but the end matter is often worth every efforts put in to create a positive classroom environment. True enough, the students I mingled with said that they do not find it a hassle to take up the duties of cleaning the cage and feeding the pets, Theyre part of our 5G family.The conversations exchanged with the students gave me further affirmation that it is all worth it to consider the aesthetic part of the classroom. In the future, I would definitely induce the classroom attractive and pleasure-looking.ConclusionIn the midst of the 4 long time training as a student-teacher, I have been told of the endless stories by in-service teachers as well as ex-teachers, about how taxing and demanding teaching can be. Undoubtedly, it is hard not to feel disheartened, sceptical and even fearful about what is lying ahead of me. However, I believe that one should not let the self-fulfilling prophecy take effect (Myers, 2004). One should be positive and should pinch the future.While it does not pay a lot in dollars to be a teacher in Singapore, the psychological and emotional rewards are more than suffice the light up look on a face when a seemingly unfathomable concept is finally grasped and understood the give thanks you cards from the students and the internet satisfaction of knowing that you have made a difference that left an undeniable mark on the future. This is my teaching philosophy that I have developed thus far, and it will continue to modernise when I embark on my 4 year of teaching career.(2031 words)

Graphical User Interface For The 3 Axis Cnc Milling Machine Computer Science Essay

Graphical User substance abuser larboard For The 3 Axis Cnc break away wight Computer Science EssayThis motif details the creation and emergence of a Graphical User Interface for the 3-Axis CNC mill around machine, which was designed in-house for testing and research purposes at the University of the s let onhwest Pacific. The 3-axis CNC move Machine employ COM Port endpoint softw be, TeraTerm to communicate with the electronics ironware via RS232 necktie. The graphical user interface was developed victimisation Microsoft optical fundamental 2008 Integrated Development Environment. The end go forth is an port that is drug user friendly and is cap adapted of chastenessling various tasks of the move Machine. This paper aims to explain how simple components of Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 has been employ to design a Windows based user port which is capable of complete falsify of CNC mill cable car.Keywords graphical user interface, Serial Port, CNC, G Codes, s hade NC1. INTRODUCTIONOver the years a number of modes invite been developed to harbor instrument tools. The most general utilize finishedout the industry is the G Code language for NC machine tools programming. It is based on the data model stipulated by ISO6983, and has been utilise for over 50 years 1. G codes, however, limits the usage of todays fast evolving high-per variationance hardware 2.The latest development in NC machine tools programming is ISO 14649 or STEP NC. It is a new measuring for data transferring in the midst of CAD/CAM systems and CNC machines. It remedies the shortcomings of ISO 6983 by specifying the machining processes rather than machine toolmotion by means of Workingstep, as the basic entity 1Whichever method of programming NC machine tools is used, it is always important to verify the program onwards doing actual testing. Verification of NC piece programs using a PC is sleazy compared to testing on model partitionings. Cutting simulation as a means of testing and verifying NC cutting raceways has become an important part of modern machining 3. With the latest advancements in PC applied science and 3D fine art it is much easier to simulate NC cutting cuts.A common CNC executes G-code programs, which are reachd as a result of planning and scheduling in CAM tools 4. However an interface is required to send or execute NC part program to the CNC. The user interface is the communication Tool between the operator and the PC-based CNC drilling machine, via the computing machine screen 5. The recent advancement in software development technology using Object Oriented Programming (OOP) has do it possible to compel simple user interface with a sound communication consociate to ascertain NC machines. In 2002 5, a graphical user interface was developed at the University of the South Pacific for a PC-Based computer numeric control drilling machine. The political plat variety for the in writing(p) user interface (GUI) was written in Borlands new speedy application product, C++ Builder.Gordon and Hillery 6 developed a Windows based graphical user interface for their CNC cutting machine. The user interface communicated with the machine via RS232 series link. The programming environment used was Borland C++ Builder 3, which allowed the visual development of the program interface. The user interface developed to a fault had features for homing the trio axes, editing of NC part program (G Codes) and also trailering the both dimensional cutting tool motion.This paper mainly focuses on the design of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the 3-Axis CNC mill machine. The user interface has been designed in Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The features of the GUI are explained in detail.2. OVERVIEW OF CNC mill aroundMACHINEThe CNC Milling Machine was designed in-house at the School of design and Physics (SEP) at the University of the South Pacific (USP), for te sting and research purposes. It uses an secure lead dimensional mastermind system to create its tool course of instruction. It consecutive passes instructions which are in the form of three dimensional line ups to the Milling Machine for controlling the tool, similar to how G Codes are used.The operational fabric of the CNC mill about machine is shown in code 2.1. It consists of a utilize PC running Graphical User Interface Software which is used to transfer a schoolbookbook record containing X, Y and Z coordinates. It also has features to control the move operations and to mystify a two dimensional cutlery path preview. The software is linked to the electronics hardware via RS232 successive publication link. find out 2.1 in operation(p) framework of the CNC Milling MachineThe current CNC Milling machine is single capable of linear interpolation (G01), in terms of G Codes, or moving linearly from one point in the three dimensional space to the next point. To mill different geometries other than straight lines the milling machine has to be given a number of coordinate points which butt joint be used to approximate that particular geometry. For obiter dictum to mill a curve the milling machine learns to be given a set of points which lie on the curve. Similar method was used by Min-Yang Yang and Won-Pyo Hong 7 in their three dimensional linear interpolation algorithm.The CNC Milling Machine uses an sheer(a) three dimensional coordinate system (X, Y, and Z) for its tool path generation. The three dimensional coordinates are defined in a school text charge up. Each of the three coordinates has three characters in the text commove for instance the X coordinate 0 is defined as 000 in the text file. The Basic Length Unit (BLU) is in millimeters.The electronics architecture of the CNC milling machine consisted of five PIC micro ascendancys (PIC16F877) in a distributed architecture, with one master controller and some(prenominal) slave contr ollers. The master controller of the CNC Milling Machine consists of a PIC16F877 microcontroller which is responsible for coordinating and controlling the overall operations of the Machine. It is the central watchword system of the CNC Milling Machine. It receives its holds from the user through a user interface and commands other co PIC16F877 Microcontrollers in a distributed architecture to carry out their respective tasks.The mechanical hardware consists of three stepper motors which drive the three axis of the CNC Milling Machine. It also has a 24V DC Motor which is the arbor motor. The worktable consists of clamps to clamp the workpiece firmly on the worktable. For feedback, the machine constitutes of limit switches which control the limit of the worktable.3. USER INTERFACEUntil recently, the CNC machine was using COM port terminal software, TeraTerm, to communicate with Master Controller via RS232 link. The GUI was designed to provide a user friendly interface instead of ty ping coordinates in TeraTerm. The GUI was designed using Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 and coded in BASIC (Beginners every last(predicate) purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). The overall design of the main form of the user interface is shown in invention 3.1.Figure 3.1 Main form of the GUIIt was decided to incorporate the following features in the GUIpossibility of text file which contains the coordinates. catching of coordinate file (or tool path) in two dimensional X and Y axisCommunication with the CNC Machine via RS232 linkMilling control features such as homing, manual jog etcDisplaying coordinate file3.1 File InputThe GUI contains a MenuStrip at the go across of the main form on which there are three menus, File, apparatus and Help. The File menu contains an Open menu which open(a)s a file web browser window as shown in Figure 3.1.1.The software utilizes an OpenFileDialog control of Visual basic 2008 to prompt the user for the files path. It allowed the user to choose which text file to open in the program. The OpenFileDialog control contains the Filter property which was used to control the type of file to be opened in the program. The except computer address allowed was the *.txt. The ShowDialog() method was used to display the Open Coordinate File dialog thump on the screen. The FileName property was used to get the path specified by the user. The dialog boxwood is shown in manikin 3.1.1Figure 3.1.1 Open Coordinate File dialog boxAfter getting the path from the user, the program used a FileOpen() function to open the file specified by the user. The end of file function, EOF() was used to iterate through the file until the no more coordinates are left. The LineInput() function was used get a line of coordinates into a drag variable. This string variable was indeed extracted to get the X, Y and Z coordinates in a separate set off. The cast containing the X, Y and Z coordinate was indeed used later to generate two dimensional previews and t o send to the CNC milling machine. Finally the FileClose() function closes the text file.3.2 Tool Path PreviewThe graphical user interface that is designed also contains a two dimensional preview feature which asshole be used to preview the path taken by the milling tool on the workpiece. The GUI uses the system. give sucking.graphics namespace to create tool path. The preview panel, as shown in figure 3.2.1, gives a two dimensional (X, Y) preview of the tool path which will be followed by the cutting tool. It is also to transgress and verify that the input text file does not contain errors.A Preview command handout is used to generate preview. This is activated only when a valid coordinate file is loaded. The GUI utilizes system.drawing namespace which includes system.drawing.graphics class to draw the preview. The DrawLines() method was used to draw a series of lines according to the X and Y coordinates in the coordinate file.Figure 3.2.1 Tool Path Preview controlThe use of thr ee-dimensional absolute coordinate system has make the previewing algorithm much easier since the preview is two dimensional (X, Y), the program utilizes these X and the Y coordinates to draw a preview of the shape in the preview panel.Once the Preview command button is clicked, the btnPreview_Click event procedure gets the array containing the X and Y coordinates which was antecedently read from the text file. The procedure then used these coordinates as points to draw a series of lines using the DrawLines() method. Since absolute coordinates are used, the lines connect from the end point of the first X, Y coordinate to the start point of the next X, Y coordinate. In this way the path taken by the stonecutter is drawn by connecting the series of points.3.3 Milling ControlsThe GUI on the main form contained a group box with a number of command buttons for commanding the milling machine. The Home command button was used to command the milling machine to rapidly move to its home pos ition.Figure 3.3.1 Milling Control panelThe advantage of using a software interface to control the CNC Milling Machine is that it acts ilk a control panel of the CNC which resides on the PC. Several command buttons have been used on the main form to command the CNC Milling Machine to carry out various tasks. The Home command button is used to command the CNC Milling Machine to move to its home position. The milling control also contains a command button Start to run or to send the coordinates to the milling machine to start milling. The flowchart in figure 3.3.2 shows this.Figure 3.3.2 Flowchart showing the start subroutine4. COMMUNICATIONSThe user interface for controlling the milling machine resides on a dedicated PC. Therefore there should be some means of communication between the software and the electronics hardware. A standard desktop personal computer consists of several communications ports. These include parallel port (LPT1), serial port (COM), PS/2 ports and Universal Se rial Bus (USB) ports.Serial port communications has been used to with the electronics hardware. The Serial port or RS232 has several port settings that need to be set. The advantage of this obsolete technology is that it best suits the application we are designing, and the amount of data that needs to be sent to and from the milling machine.Figure 4.1 shows the dialog box that appears to the user when the user chooses Serial Port from the setup Menu. On this dialogue box the user locoweed choose the port settings. The reason for including this control is so that the application may work on different PCs. The default port setting is shown in figure 4.1.Figure 4.1 Serial Port Configuration dialog boxThe communications via RS232 was made possible using the system.IO.ports namespace, and the SerialPort class of Visual Basic 2008. The SerialPort class consisted of properties/attributes, methods and events which was used in the communication algorithm. The ReadExisting() method was used to read data from the PCs serial port receive buffer (Rx). The Write() method was used to send string data to the electronics of the CNC Milling Machine. The flowchart in figure 4.2 demonstrates how the communication to the milling machine is made when the user clicks ok on the dialog box in figure 4.1.Figure 4.2 Flowchart showing the communication algorithm followed.5. TESTING AND DEBUGGINGOne difficulty faced during the development and testing of the GUI was run time errors or exceptions. Runtime errors or exceptions occur as a result of normal operating conditions 8. For example errors when the GUI is trying to open a COM port which is being used by another program. The problem was overcome using structured error handling or the bear witnessCatch code block in Visual Basic. The GUI used message boxes to display appropriate messages to the users when an exception occurred and allowed the program to continue.The preview part of the GUI was tested by opening a text file containin g 165 X, Y, Z points. These points resembled a circle in two dimensional (X, Y) planes. The result is depicted in Figure 5.1 which shows the tool path generated on the preview panel.Figure 5.1 Tool Path preview showing the preview of a circleFurthermore, the same file was used to mill a circle on softwood with the following settingsFeedrate 75mm/minSpindle swiftness 2500RPMCutting Tool Diameter 5mmThe result is shown in Figure 5.2. The result shows that the Graphical User Interface made no errors while consecutive sending coordinates to the milling machine.Figure 5.2 Output of the CNC Milling Machine6. completion AND FUTURE WORKBased on the result in the previous section of this paper, it can be concluded that the GUI design was successful. The GUI was able to communicate with the electronics hardware of the CNC Milling Machine using RS232 serial link. The preview algorithm of the program also worked well. Finally the GUI was able to sequentially send (X, Y, and Z) coordinates representing cutter path in three dimensional space, to the CNC Milling machine.However, a number of tasks can be carried out in the future to improve the performance of the GUI and to enhance the output of the CNC Milling Machine. One such include the implementation of the industry standard G Codes which is based on ISO6983 data model, instead of X, Y, Z coordinate file. The G Code programming is a standardized way of controlling cutter motion.The CNC milling machine is capable of moving in steps as small as 1 tenth of a millimeter. Thus it is also recommended to improve the GUI so that it can cater for coordinates with one tenfold point. The output of the CNC milling machine will improve drastically by having coordinates in mm to one decimal point.Another improvement that can be implemented on the GUI is using an abort button to cancel or abort the operations of the CNC Milling Machine. This is a standard safety feature which exists on most industrial machines including CNC mach ines.

Steering System And Suspension Design Mechanics Essay

maneuver System And reprieve Design Mechanics EssayThe aim of this displace curtain is to buy the farm with a intention team to image, set up and optimize the running of a ordinance SAE-A race gondola, with particular interest in the centering and w all in all hanging waitss. The verbal expression SAE-A stray team aims to p celestial poleuce a competitive race motorcar that result compete in the Formula SAE-A rivalry in December.To achieve this I was required to, look into the grand aspects of channelise and break of serve trunks utilise frequently in a nonprofessional racecar and select a suit satisfactory centering and rift clay that is within the motorsport teams fructifys. This retch includes suggestions for the concept and construction of these systems, the inst every(prenominal)ing and optimising(or tuning) the channelise and disruption systems and future recommendations to translate the almost landmarking and handling expertness. Identif ying the critical aras that atomic number 18 important for competitive guidance and breaking systems, I mickle rectify the legal handling and cornering cap efficacy of the racecar. Improving the handling and cornering bureau of the racecar result relinquish faster speeds into and exits out of corners, which pass on result in loyaler wash off prison terms, better runance and higher overall standing in the 2006 FSAE-A competition. Adhering to the rules and regulations for the 2006 FSAE-A competition I aim to select sui tabular array systems that be within the project teams limits by considering the financial cost versus bene run into or performance to the car, complexity and cartridge clip to figure of speech and1.1 Cornering Ability and handling 2manufacture of to distributively single system. Critically analysing the 2005 teams racecar enables me to evaluate the cars leading and suspension setup performance and take none any flaws or ways to improve them. This entrust give me a better misgiving of the direction and suspension systems and how to find the optimum settings to perform with the 2006 car at the FSAE-A competition. Using a suspension geometry computer computer program real by Wm. C. Mitchell softwargon, I evict model the 2005 teams racecar to comp be the trueness of the program, and then apply the program to optimise the 2006 racecar. The ideal outcome of this project will see that this years FSAE-A racecar oblige a working and intumesce-tuned or optimised steering and suspension system that has high cornering ability and handling. Most of this projects work will become evident once we choose manufactured our design and argon able to test the car by running it on a test- deletion. If all things go to plan, I should be able to sop up small adjustments to improve and finally optimize the handling and cornering ability of the car which will be paramount to the performance at the FSAE-A competition.1.1 Cornering Abil ity and HandlingThe cornering ability and handling of the racecar is very important to the overall performance of the racecar. Having clarified speedup and braking power is dangerous hardly without able cornering ability and handling, the racecar will not be able to use the full potential and is more(prenominal) give carely to run off the racet gouge than take a podium position. Cornering ability and handling will be discussed in occurrence and how the steering and suspension systems carry on it.1.2 accounting and definition of terminology 31.2 Explanation and definition of terminologyHere is a number of terms and name that will be used in this dissertation to avoid mental confusion with other names and meanings. Ackerman Is both a principle and definition, where the principle is that the lengthy axis of the steering arms projected rearward meet at the spunk of the rear axle (shown in figure 1.1). This resigns the wear downs to traverse an arc without skidding, wh ich would differently oppose the steering shoves making it harder to steer. The definition is described as the deviation in the angle of the appear tires when turned. This dissertation will only befool-to doe with to Ackerman as the principle from herein. Camber Is the angle in the midst of the upright piano plain and the centre angle of the tyres (shown in fig 1.2), which coffin nail be positively charged or disconfirming. This transmits the size and shape of the tyres come through magic spell during a corner which in turn affects the amount of askance acceleration or storm it stinker produce (cornering and handling ability). A small amount of negative money box is ideal ( around 1.5 degrees) to induce camber thrust and en legitimate a good touching patch during cornering (smith. C. 2004).1.2 Explanation and definition of terminology 4Camber Gain Or the identify of camber change in rob (or as the chassis rotates asquintly). Caster Is the angle between th e steering axis and the straight from the side matted (see fig 1.3). Positive castor improves straight line stability but makes it slightly more challenging to steer, small-arm negative makes it easier to steer with less stability. Jacking Is an upwards re feat king generated by the tyres when the racecar is accelerated during cornering and has its scent centre above rationality level. Where the upwards force on the outside tyre is greater than the inner tyre having a1.2 Explanation and definition of terminology 5net subsequent force that lifts or Jacks the sprung bunch. This is unwanted and unsettling to the driver and should be avoided. The roll centre Indicates the point at which the chassis rotates (at the front and rear respectfully) during lateral acceleration. The two moment arms between the roll centre, the CG and the ground plane read the racecars sensitivity to lateral acceleration by the production of rollover resettlementments and jacking (Smith. C, 2000). The roll axis Is the straight line joining the roll centres of the front and rear tyres The roll moment Is the distance between the roll centre and the mass intentness at the front or rear of the car. The mass concentration is the equivalent mass or point of the CG if it were split into 2 points, one front and rear. Steering Axis Inclination and Scrub Radius Steering Axis Inclination or Kingpin Axis, is the angle between the perpendicular and the steering axis (figure 1.4). This helps the car to exit a corner by naturally trying to order the roll outs back to centre. The SAI works with caster to allow more program lineal stability but less case on steering (more sai and less caster). Scrub Radius Is the pivot point for the tyres footmark or the distance between the centre of the tie-in patch, to the extended SAI to the ground (figure 1.4). This allows more feel in the steering, a little is good, too more can be detrimental repayable to the increased steering effort fo r the driver.1.3 Overview of the Dissertation 6Slip angles Are the angles between the direction that the tyres are facing, and the direction that the tyres want to go. Deformation is collect to the elastic nature of interruptative when a upended essence is applied. This will be explained in detail in Chapter 2 and its effect on cornering and handling.1.3 Overview of the DissertationThis dissertation is organised as followsChapter 2 Discusses cornering and handling of a FSAE-A racecar and describes unhomogeneous steering and suspension systems. Chapter 3 Explains the rules and regulations of the FSAE-A competition and how it affects the steering and suspension systems. Chapter 4 Introduces Wm. C. Mitchells suspension geometry software, describes its uses and strengths for this project and how it will be used to improve the steering and suspension systems. Chapter 5 Describes the analysis of the 2005 FSAE-A racecar and documenting areas that can be im turn up and implemented into the 2006 car. Chapter 6 Describes the analysis of the 2006 racecar and recommendations for improving the cornering and handling ability. Chapter 7 Discusses testing methods and ways to document and memorialize actual performance of the racecar, followed by processes for optimisation of the steering and suspension systems for the dress hat cornering ability and handling. Chapter 8 Outlines the projects achievements, findings and future recommendations.Chapter 2Steering and Suspension Systems for a FSAE-A Racecar2.1 Chapter OverviewThis chapter discusses the steering and suspension systems that are vulgarly used in cars on the road and in professional racing, their benefits and limitations, the ease of manufacture and complexity of design. This chapter as well discusses cornering and handling in detail and how the steering and suspension can improve its cornering and handling ability.2.2 Cornering and HandlingHandling defines the racecars ability to maneuver around a corner at supreme speed without losing traction. C. Smith (1978) remarks that being able to travel around a corner faster reduces the overall set time on a circuit for 2 reasons. First is just now that the car traverses the distance in less time, secondly, if the car exits the corner at a faster speed, in that location will be no time lost from having to accelerate from a slower speed. Smith (1978) also says that the factors that envision the cornering power of a racecar2.2 Cornering and Handling 8include the cornering capacity of the tires, which is influenced by Vehicle gross weight down Vehicle downforce Height of the vehicles centre of gravitation Vehicle vitiate transfer characteristics Suspension Geometry Size and characteristics of the tyres So you can understand, the tyres are arguably one of the most important separate of the racecar because all the moments and forces that the car undergoes is transmitted by the tyres. The acceleration and direction of the car is passed t hrough the small footprints or contact patches of from each one tyre. Understanding what happens here will help to get the most out of both the tyres and racecars handling ability (Smith, C. 1978).2.2.1 Tyres and tripper anglesThe tyres ability to grip the road is a combination of vertical load applied to the tyre, the coefficient of friction between the tyre and the road, adhesion between the road surface and tyre, and slip angles developed between the tyre and direction of travel. The vertical load that is imposed on each tyre is ever-changing continuously on a racecar maneuvering around a racet distort due to the load transfer from acceleration, deceleration and cornering. As the racecar travels around a corner, the tyres are subject to forces which result in deformation in the compound that the tyre is do of, this elastic deformation results in the contact patch pointing in a different direction to the angle of the tyre (Smith, C. 1978). Shows the deformation of the tyre comp ound in the contact patch and the slip angle developed. The class of the rolling tyre defines the actual direction of the tyre as it continues around the corner.There is a relationship between the slip angles and the potential grip that the tyre has to the road. Some tyre data has shown that2.2 Cornering and Handling 9Shows the generated slip angles in the tyre contact patch as slip angles increase, the lateral or cornering force increases up to a maximum which then either begins to drop or plateaus then drops, normally sliding occurs soon after the drop in force. The flat portion of the curve at or cuddle the maximum is the optimum range of tyre grip that experienced drivers remain in to maximize the cars cornering potential. shows the relationship between tyre grip and the developed slip angles. shows the relationship between tyre grip and developed slip angles, picture from http//www.donpalmer.co.uk/cchandbook/modelgrip.htm2.2 Cornering and Handling 102.2.2 Factors influencing tyre cornering capacityThe other factors as mentioned before, vehicle gross weight, downforce, height of the CG, tyre size and characteristics, suspension geometry and load transfer characteristics, all can be factored into the design or used to improve cornering and handling. The cornering force is proportional to the increase of the vehicle gross weight and generated downforce from wings or aerofoils. The increased pressure on the contact patch generates a higher lateral force component (Smith, C. 1978). The height of the vehicles centre of gravity from the ground affects the moment between the vertical force on the tyre and the CG, this will affect the lateral load transfer during a corner. The lateral load transfer changes the vertical loads from one wrap to another due to the CG tendency to move sideways during a corner, which will decrease the total amount of cornering force generated from the tyres. For example, a 400kg car with a 50-50 weight distribution front to rear wil l have 100kg vertical weights at the two front tyres. Assuming the CG height is 250mm above the ground, the t distort width is 1300mm and during a corner the car is subject to a cornering acceleration of 1.4gs we can determine the load transfer. LoadT ransfer = 1.4 200kg 0.25 1.3 = 53.85kg So this gives us 46.15kg on one side and 153.85kg on the other and is a 53.85% load transfer to the outmost roulette single-foot. Obtaining tyre data in the form of Tyre cornering force versus upright load will allow us to determine the total cornering force with this load transfer, however getting the tyre data is difficult. Generally the tyre data is curved with less tyre cornering force as vertical load increases, so mensuration the data of each vertical load and summing together will be less than the equal load distribution. bring down the load transfer is through by lowering the height of the CG and widen the click width which will improve cornering ability. The suspension geometry d etermines the location of the fast centres and roll centres of the racecar, these control how much the chassis rolls or pitches during cornering and accelleration, which moves the CG and hence affects the lateral load transfer.2.3 Steering Systems 11During roll, the suspension geometry also controls the amount of camber gain in the wheels during a corner, the change in camber affects the contact patch (increase or decrease in proportion) which changes the cornering capacity of the tyres. Ensuring that an optimum contact patch is maintained through the control of camber gain and good roll centre location is key to good handling and cornering.2.3 Steering SystemsCommon types of steering systems are Rack and Pinion basic steering system Recirculating Ball explosive charge more complex system violence Steering fluid assisted steering2.3.1 Rack and PinionThe rack and flight feather steering system is a simple, threepenny and relatively voiced system to implement. It comprises of a rack, or toothed bar/rod which slides left field and right due to the rotation of a pinion gear that sits on the teeth (Fig 2.3). The steering wheel turns the steering cocksucker which rotates the pinion gear, resulting in the rack pushing/ winding the steering rods. The rods are attached to the wheel hubs which turn the wheels to the desired angle (Gilles, T. 2005). The most difficult parts to design or manufacture are the pinion and the rack, the pinion defines the turning rate of the steering wheel which affects the responsiveness of the steering. The rack need to have situated teeth which could be difficult to manufacture to some groups or would pack a significant cost to have it done. Besides these two parts the rest of the system is relatively simple, as a whole the rack and pinion setup is a cheap and parking lot system that is tried and resiliant.2.3 Steering Systems 122.3.2 Recirculating Ball BearingA typical Recirculating clunk-bearing steering system uses a worm gear to shift ball bearings that are located within a channel such that when moved, pushes or pulls the lodgement in which they sit. The caparison has teeth located on the outside which are in line with a sector gear that rotates a pitman arm (Fig 2.4). The pitman arm is attached with the course of instruction and tie rods, which aligns the wheels. This system can also be described as a analogogram steering middlemanage system in which the linkages trace a parallelogram (Gilles, T. 2005). anatomy 2.4 Recirculating ball bearing steering, picture from www.imperialclub.com/ Repair/Steering/terms.htm A Recirculating Ball Bearing can also be used in a standardized setup to aRrack and Pinion gear system, where the recirculating ball bearing housing replaces the pinion gear with a sector gear that pushes/pulls the rack to align the wheels. The recirculating ball2.3 Steering Systems 13bearing system is significantly heavier than the rack and pinion system, due to the spare linkages, housing and gears. Friction needs to be managed in the design stage, i.e. including grease input points, dust covers etc. provided the Recirculating ball bearing steering provides more sensitivity to the steering and token(prenominal) slack or loose feel in the steering wheel. be is also increased due to the extra material and the complexity of design makes the recirculating ball bearing system less attractive.2.3.3 position SteeringPower steering systems are the same systems as rack and pinion and recirculating ball-bearing but with a significant modification. In a rack and pinion power steering system, the rack contains a cylinder with a piston in spite of appearance it, driven by fluid supplied by a pump (see Figure 2.5). The fluid lines run to a rotary valve controlled by the steering shaft which determines the sides of the piston that the high pressure fluid acts on. This pressure assists the steering action which requires less force to rotate the steering wheel. Similar to the rack and pinion power steering, the recirculating ball housing is assisted by the pressure severally in the ball-bearing steering (Gilles, T. 2005). Rack and Pinion power steering, picture adapded from www.cars.com/ carsapp/capital of Massachusetts/?srv=parseract= screeningtf=/advice/caradviser/steering_ fluid.tmpl2.4 Suspension Systems 142.4 Suspension SystemsThere are two common types of suspension systems used frequently today, dependant and independant systems. The various types of both are convertible but have their differences and functions. Some of these sytems are described below.2.4.1 subject Suspension SystemsSolid or Beam Axle Panhard Rod Watts Linkage aquiline suspension systems are variations of a simple beam axle that holds the wheels parallel with each other. So when the vertical angle of one wheel (camber) changes, the opposite wheel also changes (Gilles, T. 2005). Examples of the Panhard Rod and the Watts Linkage are shown in Figures 2.6 and 2.7, these ty pes of suspension are generally different ways of attatching the solid axle to the chassis.2.4.2 Independant Suspension SystemsDouble Wishbone, A-Arm or Four-Bar link MacPherson Strut Multi-link2.4 Suspension Systems 15Watts linkage suspension. Independent suspension systems allow the wheels to move independently of each other, e.g. if one wheel were to move up or down, the other would not be affected directly. It is common for racecars to have all four wheels with independent suspension as this usually provides the most customizable setup alternatives to maximize the handling potential of the racecar. Double wishbone suspension systems are also known as double A-Arm or Four-Bar link systems. They all comprise of equal or unequal parallel links from the chassis to the wheel hub, with the shock absorbers configured in a Push or imbibe rod setup, as Figure2.8 illustrates. unparallel and Unequal double wishbone suspension with Push or Pull rod shock absorber setup.2.4 Suspension Sys tems 16The MacPherson strut suspension system (Figure 2.9) is very popular with passenger cars and some sports models since it is a relatively cheap system to produce that provides reasonable camber control (Smith. C, 1978). The MacPherson strut suspension is good for everyday commuting but does not provide sufficient insensibility to avoid movement within the components (compliance or slack) and would not fit comfortably with wide tyres (Smith. C, 1978). Multi link suspension systems are simply Four-Bar link systems with one or more extra links to attain extra control. MacPherson strut suspension, from www.autozine.org/technical_school/ suspension/tech_suspension2.htm The objective of the independent suspension is to provide lavish vertical wheel movement to absorb surface bumps and compensate for the accelerations of the sprung mass, prevent changes in the distance between tyres (static toe) as they are moving, control the change of wheel camber angle and change of cartroad dis tance with the wheel and/or sprung mass movement, and to ultimately allow the most grip or traction available out of the tyres while minimising weight and maximising stiffness in the links (Smith, C. 1978).2.5 Chapter Summary 172.5 Chapter SummaryHaving discussed the cornering and handling ability in a Formula SAE-A racecar and what factors can influence the performance, helps to have an understanding of what is happening when a racecar traverses around a corner. With this in mind we can apply this knowledge into the design to maximise the cornering and handling ability of the racecar. as well selecting an appropriate steering and suspension system that will provide the better(p) cornering and handling but also takes into account the motorsport teams resources (time, materials and complexity of design).Chapter 3Rules and Regulations of the FSAE-A arguing3.1 Chapter OverviewThis chapter covers the rules and regulations that will affect the steering and suspension sytems. Starting with the more unique(predicate) rules that affect the steering and suspension systems, then moving into the general rules and regulations like material strength. These rules and regulations have been put into the competition to give the entry teams maximum design flexibility and the freedom to express creativity, but also to ensure that a safe and working car that minimises chances of damage and injury.3.2 Steering RequirementsThe special steering system rules and requirements are as follows The steering must affect at least two wheels The steering system must have positive steering stops that prevent the steering linkages from locking up.3.3 Suspension Requirements 19Free play is limited to 7 degrees measured at the steering wheel. Steering must be mechanically connected to the wheels i.e. steer by wire prohibited These requirements do not severely limit the steering system design at all as for most of the oldly mentioned systems, none of which include steer by wire and all affe ct at least 2 wheels. The rules that need to be unplowed and monitored is the free play in the steering wheel and steering stops, other the design is virtually liberal.3.3 Suspension RequirementsThe rules state that the car must have a fully operational suspension system with springs and shock absorbers, front and rear, with a stripped-down useable wheel travel of 50.8mm (2 inches), 25.4mm (1 inch) in cushion and rebound with the driver seated. So the rules again do not ensnare the specific suspension system but merely sets a benchmark that it must perform to.3.4 Other RequirementsOther requirements set out in the rules define that the wheelbase must be of at least 1525mm (60inches) and that the smaller track must be no less than 75% of the larger track. The minimum material must be either round mild or alloy, steel tubing (min 0.1% carbon) with minimum proportionalitys as outlined in table 3.3.3.1 in the FSAE rules handbook or an approved alternatice material that is tested and proved to meet the alternative material guidelines in section 3.3.3.2 of the FSAE rules handbook. The wheelbase requirement affects the suspension geometry design, setting a minimum length for the suspension linkages.3.5 Chapter Summary 203.5 Chapter SummaryKnowing and understanding the requirements and rules set out by the Formula SAE competition provides a starting point for our design, also talking with the previous team and the performance will help to identify areas needing improvement and investigaiton. in one case finding sufficent entropy a start can be made to get the ball rolling on design and construction of the steering and suspension systems.Chapter 4WinGeo3 Suspension Geometry Program4.1 Chapter OverviewThis chapter introduces Wm. C Mitchells suspension geometry software, travel by the Numbers and shows its most effective power of calculation and display of steering and suspension geometry of any four wheel vehicle. The entropy it can tell us will greatly impro ve the time taken to analyse steering and suspension set-up and will allow fast optimisation when the time comes to testing.4.2 WinGeo3 Geometry ProgramThe steering and suspension geometry can be sculptural on Wm. C. Mitchells software which is quicker than manually measuring all the various important values repeatedly for the various settings you wish to try during testing. This enables a comparison with the originally intended design parameters of the 2005 racecar and an indication of how well the car will react while cornering. It also allows a comparison of the sign 2006 cars design and actual geometry after construction and allows us to optimise the geometry to provide the best cornering and handling ability of the racecar. By4.3 Set-up and initial measurements 22measuring the data and entering into Wm. C. Mitchells software, we can critically analyse the racecar with regard to the handling and cornering characteristics. The software requires actual measurements taken from t he car which will be done and recorded according to the geometry software requirements. Once recording all the information that the software needs, we can analyse the way the steering and suspension reacts with the chassis. contemptible up or down (ride) or rotating (roll) we are able to travel along the change in camber, steering angles and caster at each of those changes. This is useful since during a corner, we may model the changes that the chassis will go and can see the result on the tyres (and contact patch) and get an indication of how well it will perform. Wm. C. Mitchells software can also be used to uphold in the design of steering and suspension systems, through its design and build functions you may specify various values and the software will qualify it into the required lengths of the arms and rods.4.3 Set-up and initial measurementsI strongly recommend allowing at least half a day to measure up a car for the first time and someone to help. It will save alot of ti me that would otherwise be lost dropping things, re-setting the origins and other fiddly jobs that are not normally accounted for. Once installing the program, printing out some forms will make things much easier for entering information into the program once the measurements have been taken, as the forms sets out the required information neatly and in similar format to the program screen. Open the geometry program and from the help menu open quick start. The help tree is on the left side column, from there open the Files menu and then unobjectionable Forms, here is all the pinhead forms that is needed. Click on Blank forms Measuring cars for some general information and hints, for a double wishbone suspension with a push/pull damping system, click on the Blank forms Double A-arm and Rocker Arm option and print. Also click on Blank forms Pull-rod / Push-rod form, Blank forms Auxiliary points, and Blank forms Swaybar form and print them all out. These all will be4.3 Set-up and init ial measurements 23sufficient for the front suspension and rear (remember to print a second batch of forms for the rear) unless you have a control arm / panhard rod rearaxle suspension setup, for which there is a seperate form. First you need to make sure that the car is set up already with the correct alignment and on a flat surface as it would on the racetrack. Ensure that entre to the suspension points is possible and that they are locked in place so they do not move if you lean on the car (within reason). Then determine a baseline or origin accurately and place set up on the surface plate or flat floor or tie to appropriate point, to represent the centerlines of the car (front to back, side to side). Once an arising for each Axis has been made, where the X-Axis is the fore-aft longitudinal dimension (front to rear of the car). The Y-Axis is the lateral dimension, or left and right sides of the car (drivers side passenger side) and the Z-Axis is the vertical dimension from th e ground up. Care must be taken when selecting an origin due to common suspension adjustments, such as changing caster, can move the tire contact patch. Each such change requires a prudent remeasurement (or re-calculation). When the car is ready to be measured, follow these steps Measure the track width of the front and rear tyres by taking the centre points of each tyre as low to the ground as reasonable, the WinGeo3 program measures track at ground level at the center of the tire contact patch. The easiest way is to measure to the middle of the tire,but this can be misleading if the tire has significant static camber, so as long as you are aware of the settings you should be fine. Measure the static toe for the front tyres while measuring the track at the front and do a quick calculation of the static angle pointing inwards or outwards that