Culture and Language in Society Essay

In a world that is rapidly moving toward a predominantly technological and uniformed system, language and culture are becoming increasingly crucial to defining an individual. For many people, culture still completely dictates their way of life, as is evident in many religions, such as Hinduism, where the line between religious traditions and everyday life is blurred. Just as Henry Trueba can be quoted in Afforming Diversity, Whatever knowledge we acquire, it is always acquired through language and culture, two interlocked symbolic systems considered essential for human interaction and survival. Culture and language are so intricately intertwined that even trained scholars find it impossible to decide where language ends and begins, or which one of the two impacts the other the most (189). Without language, culture would be, as Trueba stated, virtually non-existent, as certain emotions can only be conveyed in certain languages. The same holds true for language, as it is often impossible to translate texts while retaining the same literary and emotional connotations the original version contained because certain words only exist in those languages. Moreover, language, especially in literature, leaves much up to interpretation, and translations often omit any ambiguity that the author may have originally intended. When searching for English versions of Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment, several versions are available, each translated by different individuals. In each of these books, differences can be observed in the way the plot is described, though they seldom make any difference in the larger scheme. Even the spelling differs (e. g. â€Å"Dunya† and â€Å"Dounia†) simply because of the way the translator thought the word sounded phonetically. By the same token, reading a Tang dynasty poem in Chinese differs greatly from the English translation. Though the English version manages to retain most of the poet’s original message, it lacks the fluidity and the poetic essence that can be found in the same poem in Chinese. As with all subjective issues, language is subject to interpretation, and to take away a literary work’s original language is to deduct from the piece as a whole. Knowledge, however, is not, as Trueba described, acquired solely through culture and language. It is not necessary for language to exist in order for us to know that fire is hot, or that water is wet. Though we may not be able to place these feelings with these specific words, we know that they exist because our sense of touch tells us so. If I chose to call â€Å"fire† â€Å"water,† the flames would still burn my hand when I touched it even if I had attributed a word that would normally extinguish the flames to it. By doing so, I have not changed the entity I have renamed, but have simply categorized it under a different label. A baby does not need to know the meaning of the word â€Å"hot† in order to know that a burning stove is extremely warm to the touch, or the meaning of the word â€Å"light† in order to know that it is brighter in the day than it is at not. After all, â€Å"a rose by any other name would be just as sweet† (Shakespeare, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†). Ever since ancient days, culture and language have played integral roles in defining an individual and dictating one’s everyday life. The morals that we live by are directly related to our cultural values, which are evident in ancient texts, such as the Koran, Bible and Torah. These books, however, have been translated so many times that their meaning has no doubt been at least slightly changed. In the Jewish culture, the Torah must be recited in Hebrew, the original language of the Jews. In this instance, Hebrew is much more than just a language; it also symbolizes the religious beliefs and customs of the Jewish people, and in this way, much of their traditional culture can be retained. Likewise, Catholics conduct Mass in Latin (though it is not as common anymore) and like in Judaism, much of the culture is maintained that way as well. Language leads directly to culture and culture to language in a cyclical process so that the boundaries between the two become virtually nonexistent. By the same token, language (be it English, Russian, Greek or Japanese) would differ greatly from what we know today if culture were to cease to exist. Much of culture as we know it would be lost without language, as it would be next to impossible to carry on cultural traditions from generation to generation without a means of communication. Much of the vocabulary accumulated in languages is a direct result of cultural practices, traditions and innovations. Each time a new revolution in society or technology takes place, a string of new words is developed. It is estimated that a few dozen new words are added to the English language alone each year. 1 Common words such as â€Å"television,† â€Å"Internet,† and â€Å"telephone† would have meant nothing two short centuries ago. The word â€Å"silhouette† only came into existence after the French Minister of Finance under Louis XV, Etienne de Silhouette, began decorating his office with cheap, black paper cutouts. Back then, the word was associated with stinginess, as the people felt oppressed by the strict financial measures he set on the French in order to replenish the treasury, which had suffered as a result of wars with Britain and Prussia. 2 Today, however, the word is often used to described stylish, chic products, and can be found on cars like the Oldsmobile Silhouette, and shoes, such as Silhouette, a Dutch shoe store. As culture develops, language, too, must evolve to accommodate the new changes as people feel the need to identify objects and feelings with words. A person’s way of utilizing language can also tell a lot about his/her cultural background. For someone raised in a normal urban environment, the word â€Å"Negro† will have a very meaning as opposed to the individual who had grown up in the Ku Klux Klan. For the urban New Yorker, â€Å"Negro† would be a derogatory and offensive term that should never be used. For the Klan member, however, the term would equate to â€Å"ignorant and degraded and altogether sold to the devil. † Likewise, the word â€Å"woman† could be considered a derogatory insult depending on the context it is used in. For many women in this modern era, if a man were to say â€Å"Hey woman, get over here and help me with this,† it would warrant the man getting a slap across the face, because it not only is insulting, but also reminds women of the days when they were considered inferior to men. This attitude exists particularly in Western culture where women are considered equal to men (even still, discrepancies exist, particularly in positions of power and politics). In many Islamic countries, however, this kind of deprecating behavior towards women is acceptable to the point that a woman basically becomes her husband’s property. Calling someone â€Å"hey woman† would certainly not be regarded as derogatory or insulting by the majority of the people in these countries (e. g. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan). For the women there, such behavior is acceptable because it is tolerated within their culture. The word itself is simply another label that describes who they are. In a culture that believes that women are inferior to men, sexism towards women in language would be common. Three centuries ago, the same attitude would hold true in Western civilizations as few women could hope to rise above the system and hold a position other than that of a housewife. It had been a belief that too much learning for women would result in â€Å"evil. † Thus, women often obtained an education only to the third grade level. Since society had deemed this acceptable and even necessary back then, calling someone â€Å"woman† would not be as offensive as it would be today. Though the word has remained unchanged, the connotation it carries differs greatly as a result in cultural changes. The number of languages one knows also reflects on the level of cultural awareness one has. The more languages one knows, the more likely it is he/she will have a deeper sense of the various cultures that exist in the world. Being bilingual in Chinese and English, I am able to understand Chinese culture better than someone who does not know the language because my view of the Chinese culture and traditions is subject only to my own interpretation, rather than that of a tour guide, publisher, author or another individual. As stated previously, it is impossible to translate everything word for word and thus certain phrases can only be communicated effectively in the original language, yet such expressions are often imperative to further understand a culture. For example, the words â€Å"Long live the people of the world† appear on the Tiananmen gate in Beijing. To translate it literally, however, the same phrase would be â€Å"May the people of the world live for 10,000 years. † Though the general meaning is the same, slight differences still exist. Language and culture are inextricably linked in defining an individual, society and nation. Without one, the other would cease to exist as we know it. Simply by listening to the language, or even a dialect, a person speaks, one can often tell a lot about their cultural background. Generally speaking, the Californian accent shows that the person is most likely laid back and easy going, while the Southern drawl may depict a person’s tendency to take things slowly. As it would be unlikely to find a member of the social elite speaking Ebonics (Black English), it would be safe to assume that the individual who speaks the dialect is from an urban environment, and is culturally aware of the urban scene. Just as Trueba had states, there is no division at which language ends and culture begins, as they continue in a cycle with one completing the other. In order to understand ourselves better, we must first understand our heritage, which is composed largely of language and culture. To find a definite distinction between the two would be impossible and would call for a change to language and culture as we presently know it.  https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=tlsmarketing&e=com

Eassays English

PART 1: The brand competition between the cocacola and pepsico has occurred for a long time. The corporations continue to improve technology and reduce cost. The people who enjoy the most benefit from this competition is comsumer, they can buy goods with lower price and good quality. On january, 2013 Starbucks have just opened the first store in vietnam. It make the violent competition with local brands. Typically, Trung Nguyen corporation We will analyze some strong points and good conditions of starbucks and trung nguyen corporation in vietnam market.When starbucks went into vietnam market, there was a lot of coffee brands in viet nam, but the number of people consumed coffee is very huge, this is officer, businessman, †¦ all of them are young men, they like new things, foreign goods and expecially the starbucks is the top brand in the world. The financial potential of starbucks is very strong, its sale is 10 bilion dollars each year with 150. 000 staffs, more 18. 000 coffee s tores all over the world.Schultz is the CEO of starbucks, he is a talent manager and looked like the second steve jobs of apple brand about ability of exchange situation. Trung nguyen is the vietnamese brand that has become fond of vietnamese people for a long time. The taste of Trung Nguyen coffee is strong, that is suitable to vietnamses favourite. Trung nguyen defeated nestle in vietnamese market, that is historical mark for all staff of trung nguyen in competition with starbucks. The CEO of trung nguyen is Dang Le Nguyen Vu, who grew up from difficult conditions.Moreover, he is ambitious and always give dreams for youngman, many people drink trung nguyen coffee as they like dang le nguyen vu. PART2: The war for coffee market share staged All the coffee brands have to compete fiercely with each other to scramble for the pieces of the cake. The brands have been competing with each other acute by making heavy investments in technologies, plants, lowering sale prices and offering sa les promotion campaigns. Meanwhile, the other lesser known brands have also been trying to diversify their products to share the remaining modest market share.Trung Nguyen has spending heavily on advertisement campaigns, offering many sales promotion programs, trying to make the brand more friendly by organizing writing and photography contests. Especially, Trung Nguyen has launched a lot of new products that fit the taste of consumers in different regions 1. Marketing: owner flexible marketing strategy with effective brand promotion activities, creating brand Trung Nguyen coffee strong and the products perfectly suit customer tastes. 2.Production: application of advanced production technology brings unique products bearing its own characteristics of the Trung Nguyen 3. Distribution: Trung Nguyen has strong distribution network spread across the country with full of dealers, distributors and major retail, franchise ensure Trung Nguyen products are brought to consumers using a quick and reasonable Trung Nguyen's competitive position. In the coffee industry today, Trung Nguyen is considered to hold a dominant position.Besides, Trung Nguyen is a Vietnamese brand first implementation of the strategy franchise in Vietnam and in the world market with the marketing strategy flexibility be applied successfully. Recently, Starbucks has officially entered the Vietnam market, and become formidable competitor of the domestic coffee brand It’s not easy to squeeze into Vietnamese coffee market According to Jinlong Wang, President of Starbucks Asia Pacific, are built based on high-quality arabica coffee, products and especially passionate and experienced baristas.Besides, Starbucks will boost the localization of stores in its business strategy in Vietnam to make Starbucks stores the third destination for local people, after their home and office. Staff professional and friendly service According to the principle, the customer will be served within 3p and 5p latest in rush hour too busy shops. Starbucks employees are trained Each expert preparation of Starbucks coffee at the same time managing four trays, at least 15 minutes stirring once and never allow a cup of coffee for more than 30 minutes.They do this even during breaks, cold coffee thrown away and not served. They also design the self-timer for iced coffee, iced tea and pastries to ensure that everything is fresh flavor. Most Starbucks stores are equipped with coffee Mastrena sophistication of Switzerland, is designed to give the highest quality Starbucks provides much more than just the best cup of coffee, we will offer a place where people come together, connect with family and friends and celebrate the local Vietnamese coffee culture and heritage,† Wang said.Starbucks has started to purchase high-quality arabica coffee in Vietnam and will continue seeking arabica coffee supply in Vietnam in the long term. In addition, Starbucks will work closely with local coffee farming cooperati ves to increase the quality of arabica coffee and introduce Vietnam’s distinctive coffee heritage to its global customers. PART3: Starbucks is the brand for entrepreneurs who are always busy and lack of time. They are the loyal customers of the brand. Many people in VN like tasting a cup of rich coffee in the traditional booth or on sidewalk, sightseeing and talking for hours.Meanwhile Starbucks customers of Starbucks need environment, space, style tasting coffee than flavor, Trung Nguyen focus on versed crew in coffee. Sure many people choose Starbucks when being busy, receiving guest. But when they want to taste a cup of delicate and rich coffee,they com with Trung Nguyen cofee. Obviously Starbucks and Trung Nguyen can be parallel, with different customer. The problem is which customers they will access and how to maintain the top position in the group. The arrival of Starbucks has brought great lessons for business in Vietnam.Without direct an ad on TV, Starbucks bring the position of famous and have from benefit from the brands they build in a long time. Young people with curiosity and your experience become PR channel for the arrival of Starbucks on social networks, in the stories and spreading images. These are great lessons for Vietnamese enterprises, because,no brand yet we do like that The entering of Starbucks and many other coffee companies bring different style models, the modern way of doing business and honest. They help Vietnam coffee market more healthy competition.Dang Le Nguyen Vu have from benefit the war with Starbucks all the time. Trung Nguyen image at this time in the eyes of Vietnamese associated with one of the world's most famous names. Starbuks not only bring a beverage, it also brings own culture, to help the Vietnamese have opportunities to access cultural the world . Consumers have more choice. The competition between brands contribute to improving the quality of coffee products, bringing real benefits to consumers and cont ribute to Vietnam's coffee industry. Eassays English PART 1: The brand competition between the cocacola and pepsico has occurred for a long time. The corporations continue to improve technology and reduce cost. The people who enjoy the most benefit from this competition is comsumer, they can buy goods with lower price and good quality. On january, 2013 Starbucks have just opened the first store in vietnam. It make the violent competition with local brands. Typically, Trung Nguyen corporation We will analyze some strong points and good conditions of starbucks and trung nguyen corporation in vietnam market.When starbucks went into vietnam market, there was a lot of coffee brands in viet nam, but the number of people consumed coffee is very huge, this is officer, businessman, †¦ all of them are young men, they like new things, foreign goods and expecially the starbucks is the top brand in the world. The financial potential of starbucks is very strong, its sale is 10 bilion dollars each year with 150. 000 staffs, more 18. 000 coffee s tores all over the world.Schultz is the CEO of starbucks, he is a talent manager and looked like the second steve jobs of apple brand about ability of exchange situation. Trung nguyen is the vietnamese brand that has become fond of vietnamese people for a long time. The taste of Trung Nguyen coffee is strong, that is suitable to vietnamses favourite. Trung nguyen defeated nestle in vietnamese market, that is historical mark for all staff of trung nguyen in competition with starbucks. The CEO of trung nguyen is Dang Le Nguyen Vu, who grew up from difficult conditions.Moreover, he is ambitious and always give dreams for youngman, many people drink trung nguyen coffee as they like dang le nguyen vu. PART2: The war for coffee market share staged All the coffee brands have to compete fiercely with each other to scramble for the pieces of the cake. The brands have been competing with each other acute by making heavy investments in technologies, plants, lowering sale prices and offering sa les promotion campaigns. Meanwhile, the other lesser known brands have also been trying to diversify their products to share the remaining modest market share.Trung Nguyen has spending heavily on advertisement campaigns, offering many sales promotion programs, trying to make the brand more friendly by organizing writing and photography contests. Especially, Trung Nguyen has launched a lot of new products that fit the taste of consumers in different regions 1. Marketing: owner flexible marketing strategy with effective brand promotion activities, creating brand Trung Nguyen coffee strong and the products perfectly suit customer tastes. 2.Production: application of advanced production technology brings unique products bearing its own characteristics of the Trung Nguyen 3. Distribution: Trung Nguyen has strong distribution network spread across the country with full of dealers, distributors and major retail, franchise ensure Trung Nguyen products are brought to consumers using a quick and reasonable Trung Nguyen's competitive position. In the coffee industry today, Trung Nguyen is considered to hold a dominant position.Besides, Trung Nguyen is a Vietnamese brand first implementation of the strategy franchise in Vietnam and in the world market with the marketing strategy flexibility be applied successfully. Recently, Starbucks has officially entered the Vietnam market, and become formidable competitor of the domestic coffee brand It’s not easy to squeeze into Vietnamese coffee market According to Jinlong Wang, President of Starbucks Asia Pacific, are built based on high-quality arabica coffee, products and especially passionate and experienced baristas.Besides, Starbucks will boost the localization of stores in its business strategy in Vietnam to make Starbucks stores the third destination for local people, after their home and office. Staff professional and friendly service According to the principle, the customer will be served within 3p and 5p latest in rush hour too busy shops. Starbucks employees are trained Each expert preparation of Starbucks coffee at the same time managing four trays, at least 15 minutes stirring once and never allow a cup of coffee for more than 30 minutes.They do this even during breaks, cold coffee thrown away and not served. They also design the self-timer for iced coffee, iced tea and pastries to ensure that everything is fresh flavor. Most Starbucks stores are equipped with coffee Mastrena sophistication of Switzerland, is designed to give the highest quality Starbucks provides much more than just the best cup of coffee, we will offer a place where people come together, connect with family and friends and celebrate the local Vietnamese coffee culture and heritage,† Wang said.Starbucks has started to purchase high-quality arabica coffee in Vietnam and will continue seeking arabica coffee supply in Vietnam in the long term. In addition, Starbucks will work closely with local coffee farming cooperati ves to increase the quality of arabica coffee and introduce Vietnam’s distinctive coffee heritage to its global customers. PART3: Starbucks is the brand for entrepreneurs who are always busy and lack of time. They are the loyal customers of the brand. Many people in VN like tasting a cup of rich coffee in the traditional booth or on sidewalk, sightseeing and talking for hours.Meanwhile Starbucks customers of Starbucks need environment, space, style tasting coffee than flavor, Trung Nguyen focus on versed crew in coffee. Sure many people choose Starbucks when being busy, receiving guest. But when they want to taste a cup of delicate and rich coffee,they com with Trung Nguyen cofee. Obviously Starbucks and Trung Nguyen can be parallel, with different customer. The problem is which customers they will access and how to maintain the top position in the group. The arrival of Starbucks has brought great lessons for business in Vietnam.Without direct an ad on TV, Starbucks bring the position of famous and have from benefit from the brands they build in a long time. Young people with curiosity and your experience become PR channel for the arrival of Starbucks on social networks, in the stories and spreading images. These are great lessons for Vietnamese enterprises, because,no brand yet we do like that The entering of Starbucks and many other coffee companies bring different style models, the modern way of doing business and honest. They help Vietnam coffee market more healthy competition.Dang Le Nguyen Vu have from benefit the war with Starbucks all the time. Trung Nguyen image at this time in the eyes of Vietnamese associated with one of the world's most famous names. Starbuks not only bring a beverage, it also brings own culture, to help the Vietnamese have opportunities to access cultural the world . Consumers have more choice. The competition between brands contribute to improving the quality of coffee products, bringing real benefits to consumers and cont ribute to Vietnam's coffee industry.

Effect of Tax on the Selling of Apples in a Small Scale Assignment

Effect of Tax on the Selling of Apples in a Small Scale - Assignment Example This scenario takes two rounds or instances of selling and the supplier’s interest are the amount of profit. According to the data, in round 1 the supplier sold a bushel of apples at $10 and the second round at $19. The formula to calculate profit is: In the second set of data, session #1 has apples sold for every unit from 1 to 20. The indication is that the demand for the apples is high when there is no tax charged during the buying and selling of the apples. The demand for the apples in the experiment is less elastic than the supply. In the second session, the supplier bears the tax burden. In the experiment, the apple supplier still has a seller cost of $18 for a bushel of apples. Above the seller cost, the supplier must pay a sales tax of $15. However, if the seller does not sell any apples, he does not pay either seller cost or sales tax. From the record of prices and profits, the supplier never sold a bushel of apples in either round 1 or 2 showing a significant decline in the profits to zero when the supplier pays the tax. From the second data set, session #2 indicates a drop in the supply of the apples. In the first 14 units sold, the sellers supply pattern indicates some increase in volumes of the sales of apple. On the other hand, from 15 to 20 units, the seller never sold any apples due to the high costs from taxes. The tax burden shifts to buyers in the third session. The supplier of apples in the first set of data does not sell any apples due to drop in demand since the buyers deter from buying. In the second data set, the buyers could still afford the bushel of apples for up to 12 units sold. From 13 to 20 units, the supplier does not sell any apples. This experiment uses a method of comparative statistics to analyze the effect of the tax on demand and supply. The economic theory that comes into play in this scenario is the optimal tax theory. This theory  suggests the best way to affect taxation with minimal distortion of the demand and supply. According to this theory, the sales tax imposed on suppliers and buyers has the same effect; reducing the demand and supply.

Essay on International Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Essay on International Business - Case Study Example For example. Toyota produces Camry in Kentucky; While Dell produces and sells Pc's in China. Free Trade areas - agreements that reduce tariffs and barriers among trading partners further encourage international trade. NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Area) and the EU (European Union) are examples. Doing Business internationally today is big business. For example the total value of US imports rose from $799 million in 1994 to $135 billion in 2003; Exports rose from $72 billion to $88 billion in the same period. More globalization means more Competition and more competition means more pressure to be 'World Class'. That is to lower costs and to make employees more productive .As one expert puts it ' the bottom line is that the growing integration of the world economy into a single , huge market place is increasing the intensity of competition in a wide range of manufacturing and service industries'.(Dessler:2005) Dixon Ticonderoga is a victim of Globalisation. Dixon has owned one of the oldest public companies of pencil manufacturing in the U.S. His company has enjoyed a long period of success. That halted in the 1970's. That only because China had started dumping their pencils in the U.S market at cheaper rates. And it was only after some time that the duties were imposed on the imports which raised the prices. This helped Dixon's company to make profits ag... And it was only after some time that the duties were imposed on the imports which raised the prices. This helped Dixon's company to make profits again, but then the Chinese kept making better cheaper pencils and as a result after a few years, the imports returned to the high level they were at, before the imposition of duties. Dixon in the meantime was trying rigorously to meet this foreign competition on price. He tried and experimented on making cheaper pencils by using recycled paper. He had to dump the idea as they were getting stuck in the sharpener. He then also decided to use the Canadian Insencedar wood for his premium brand. Later, he started purchasing lower priced Indonesian wood. Dixon started to purchase erasers from a Korean supplier, in an effort to further reduce costs. But the company was still loosing money. And all his efforts were in vain. Theory Application: 'Globalization creates anxieties, largely because of what trade theory and international Economics say about its likely impacts on the geographical distribution of economic activities. Classical Ricardian trade theory, if applied directly to a world of decreasing trade barriers and transportation/transactions costs, suggests that comparative advantage effects will be freed up to play themselves out on a wider spatial scale, leading to rearrangement of activities on the landscape. The economies of places will generally become more specialized, clearer expressions of their globally-redefined comparative advantages '(Ricardo, 1963; Balassa, 1963). International Business Theories: International business also plays a vital role. Some of the International Business theories are: Theory of Comparative Advantage - Specialization: Specialization of products and

JetBlue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

JetBlue - Assignment Example Examples of wants in the company are comfortable seats and excellent service. Moreover, demands are above wants. They include things that human wants and have ability and potential of buying. Some of the demands in the company include more legroom and LCD entertainment at every seat. The three concepts have an implication to the company. First, the company has to ensure that the client meets all the needs. Secondly, the company has to take care of wants in order to be competitive in the market. Lastly, the company needs to have a variety of things demanded so that customer can have choices in choosing their demands. Although this is a small firm, it is clear that the company aims in satisfying the customer to the fullest. In fact, the level of satisfaction can be deciphered from their company slogan â€Å"Happy Jetting.† The company also has some of the products that are not available to other competitors. The company also hires employees and train them based on company values. Therefore, what is being exchanged in the company is value and satisfaction customer for profit generation in the company. The production concept best applies to JetBlue. This is because the company focus is on provision quality services in attraction of customers. The application of the concept is seen through provision of excellent customer services. The company creates various values for its customers. One is through offering comfort to its customers. Second, the other is through offering of good customer service. An excellent service is provided by hiring right employees and training them on company core

Behaviour in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Behaviour in Organisations - Essay Example The purpose of this report is to analyze how organizational behavior will influence the innovation of the Australian consulting firm. The survey will focus on the process of creating and inventing new ideas into the marketplace as the products and the process in order, to flourish the consulting firm in the market. The innovation of any company lies on the power of ideas and individual initiative that expand the services of organizational to its customers. This will happen if the firm is willing to accept the opportunities and the challenges ideas that help organizational to develop new knowledge that meets emerging needs of the clients. Therefore, organizational behavior involves the study of persons and groups within the organizational, and the study of the internal process and practices as they affect the effectiveness of individuals and the organization. Therefore, organization behavior and innovation of the organizational processes go hand in hand in order to meet the interest o f workers and the executive managers. In general, it helps individuals working together in a difficult market system to create a new product and procedure or work process in organizational. This is ability of the individuals in the firm to access their weakness and the strength, set, and pursues professional and personal goals as well as balancing company work and personal life in order, to engage in new learning activities of well-being of the company. ... In general, it helps individuals working together in a difficult market system to create a new product and procedure or work process in organizational. The self-competency This is ability of the individuals in the firm to access their weakness and the strength, set, and pursues professional and personal goals as well as balancing company work and personal life in order, to engage in new learning activities of well being of the company. Stephen and Timothy (2010, p 224) stated that, for any company to innovate new ideas and products in the market, all individuals should have self-competency that involves abilities to be effective in doing the following: To attain the innovation of the consulting firm, the individuals should understand their own and the customers personalities and altitudes. The working team should understand their own motivations activities and the emotions in the organizational environment in order to respect others ideas. They should take responsibilities for managi ng their own work without any push from the top management. They should perceive, appraise, and interpret their ideas accurately in the organizational environment in order to put the new ideas into productive manner. The innovation of the consulting firm will be entirely on the assessment and the establishment of the workers personal life and the work-related goals. In general, self-competency helps in achievement of an underlying personal attributes that are needed for the successfully innovation of the organizational. The Careers Development The individuals in the organizational should aim at improvement of their careers in different fields so that they can develop new ideas in order to move up the ladder in the consulting organization. According to

Reaction paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Reaction paper - Assignment Example In essence, his memories were also buried alive within him, as Azucena was in the rubble. The first night, Carlà © â€Å"kept talking in the darkness, to assure her that he was still there and to overcome the menace of uncertainty† (Allende 324). However, the next day, slowly but surely his past comes back haunting him, and â€Å"the torrent of all that had lain hidden in the deepest and most secret layers of memory poured out† (Allende 327). Though he could not talk to the girl about it all, while he lay there consoling the girl, Carlà © was forced to relive and confront his past. Throughout his life as an adult, Carlà © had attempted to bury his painful memories of growing up in an abusive household where his father not only mistreated him and his mother, but also his mentally disabled sister. The humiliation he suffered at his hands, or the pain he received when he saw his mother’s humiliation, had been buried deeply within himself. His life as a journalist fared no better either. Witness to the atrocities of war, and genocide, he could not make peace with life in a world where people were so cruel to each other. With his self-made professional sojourn, whereby he lay in wait with the girl, hoping for her to be rescued or for some help to come, he was forced to face his past. He discovered that all the demons that he had buried, all his painful memories, had not died or diminished with time. In fact, they had been alive within him. In essence, buried alive like the girl, Azucena, was in front of him. Her suffering caused him to remember his own, and he ended up having to confront and battle his painful past. The ordeal changed him completely, as did the death of the girl, causing him to be â€Å"not the same man† (Allende 331). Not only had he to deal with his past, but the death of the innocent young girl, caused by the bureaucratic inefficiencies of the country. However, he had to face these demons he had buried alive within himself, as he had to

Research paper feelings repression through sex and other addictions

Feelings repression through sex and other addictions based on the love in the time of cholera. character analysis - Research Paper Example This particular work of Marquez has been declared an eccentric love story where the lovers unite at the end of novel around 51 years and 9 months later when they are in the last stage of their life. Florentino Ariza, the main character, has been portrayed as an obsessive lover who vows to stay faithful to Fermina Daza but indulges into a spree of sexual encounters with hundreds of women. This paper aims at proving that Florentino’s countless affairs were an escape route and his method of suppressing the repressed feelings and void that he felt after being rejected by Fermina. Love in the Time of Cholera’s story revolves around the couple Florentino Ariza and Fermina Daza who fall in love during their early teens but eventually get separated because Fermina choses to marry a more suitable match Dr. Juvenal Urbino (Pelayo 135). The backdrop of the setting and location has been kept a mystery in the novel and the only aspect that is revealed is that the country is plagued by Cholera. In this way, the author has compared love to a disease that like any other illness can have a drastic impact on an individual if the feelings are not welcomed and respected. Florentino Ariza can be easily categorized as a hypocrite and a liar since he vows for â€Å"eternal fidelity and everlasting love† to Fermina despite his countless affairs but actually he is a heart-broken man who sought to mend his heart through love (Marquez 50). Sex, in this novel, is not used in its erotic concept but symbolizes a medicine which Florentino used to overcome his pain that Fermina’s rejection and eventual marriage caused to him. It is the struggle to eliminate the feelings of void, loneliness, loss and pain that overcome the otherwise faithful and devoted personality of Florentino (Fahy 23). The treatment of love as a disease becomes clear when Florentino falls in love with Fermina and the symptoms of both the disease and love match. â€Å"His examination revealed th at he had no fever, no pain anywhere, and that his only concrete feeling was an urgent desire to die† and these were declared as† so much as the devastation of cholera† (Marquez 62). Here the term devastation is important to acknowledge since at another point later in the novel, Florentino states that he and Fermina fell into â€Å"devastating love† (Marquez 68). This shows the author’s intention of presenting love as a form of plague or disease which if not treated timely can produce unfavorable results or compel a person to behave in a drastic manner. When Marquez compares love with cholera, he attempted to present sex and addiction to love as a cure or healing mechanism for Florentino due to which he was able to survive (Koenig 131). Getting involved with other women was his way of taking refuge from the otherwise painful scenario where his love Fermina was enjoying a blissful married life with her husband while he had to suffer in solitude. The no vel Love in the Time of Cholera is set in an era when cholera was actually a â€Å"devastating disease that had no regard for color and background† (Panisset 125). Therefore, the similarity shared by love and a disease like cholera is explicitly narrated by Marquez. Just like Urbino was trying to find the cure for cholera in the same way Florentino’s obsession towards women shows his search for the cure of his heartache. Florentino is a character who is deeply in love with Ferm

Something important that you learned from this course Essay

Something important that you learned from this course - Essay Example They view the need for change as the opportunity for employees to succeed in their professional lives and increase the level of productivity. According to Lussier and Achua, an effective leadership is one that influences constituencies to make a shift from self-interests to collective interests of the group (348). In short, the role of leaders is to identify the need of the followers, make them aware of the need to fulfill those needs, provide followers a well-designed and practical strategy to follow, and to motivate people to continue their efforts for the achievement of goals and objectives. On the other hand, managers are people who supervise and control the activities of their subordinates in order to keep organizational system running. Here, an important point to mention is that managers are not born, they are appointed as managers by the top officials and stakeholders of their respective companies. Conversely, leaders are not appointed, rather they are born as leaders. Manager s have all abilities of an effective leader due to which they get the opportunity to manage other employees. Top management officials include the stakeholders and owners of companies who appoint managers based on their effective management and leadership skills. Managers are the most talented employees of a company who are able to show their managerial skills and decision-making ability in carrying out their job tasks as the result of which the top officials appoint them as managers of their respective departments. They get those promotions based on their ability to manage and control their own tasks and other employees’ activities in an effective manner. Leadership plays a key role in motivating people to achieve the desired set of goals. Without having an effective leadership with a clear approach and strategy, it is impossible for the followers to make a successful struggle towards the achievement of goals (Coutts 1). Employees need to keep up their confidence and motivati on to continue working for the cause in an efficient manner even in recession. Sometimes, such phases occur in a project when the level of enthusiasm and motivation of employees go down. In such cases, managers are the people who play the role of effective leaders and drive employees towards completion of the project without any delay. Analyzing these aspects of leadership and management, it is evident that both concepts are interconnected and do not have any considerable difference between them.

Singal processing and linear systems + Matlab Essay

Singal processing and linear systems + Matlab - Essay Example The square wave response of a dynamic system measures how the dynamic system responds when a square wave is applied to its input. Generally a unit step function is applied defined by the following equation: Laplace transform and Fourier transform both are use for analysis of aperiodic signals. Laplace yields the result in s-domain where as Fourier transform yields it in frequency domain. Laplace is more often used because in s-domian it is easier to analyze the performance of the system by looking at the poles and the zeros. The Laplace transform is usually used in the context of one-sided signals, i.e. signals that are zero for all values of  t  less than some value. Usually, this "start time" is set to zero, for convenience and without loss of generality, with the transform integral being taken from zero to infinity. The Fourier transform is used for analyzing systems that process signals that are infinite in extent, such as modulated sinusoids. (LTI) The signal is compared both in frequency and time domain, before and after filtering. As seen in the graphs the amplitude of the signal after filtering is 1. The amplitude thus decreases from 2 to 1, showing 3dB attenuation. In frequency domain the higher frequency coefficients are zero. They cover almost half the total bandwidth. Thus the half band filter has made half of the coefficients zero with 3dB

How Christianity and Judaism are Alike and Different Essay Example for Free

How Christianity and Judaism are Alike and Different Essay Judaism and Christianity are two of the many religions of the world. Both of these religions can be found in the Middle East. Although they are very similar, they also differ in many ways. People who believe in the Jewish religion are called Jews. Jews believe that the Messiah is yet to come. In the world there are about 13 million Jewish followers. Jews go to a synagogue to worship their Messiah. They also read the Torah, which is their Holy Book. Abraham founded Judaism in 1700 B.C.E. Jews consider Jerusalem a holy city because of the Wailing Wall is located there, (which is the last remnant of the second temple.) Finally, Jews believe that they are the Chosen People and that Israel is the Promise Land. On the other hand you have Christianity, these followers are called Christians. Christians believe that Jesus was the Son of God and the Messiah. They also believe that Jesus suffered and died for peoples sins and then that he rose from the dead. There are over 1,000 million Christian followers all over the world! Christians believe that Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem so they consider Jerusalem to be a Holy City. They also believe in God and read about their religion in a Bible in a Church. Finally, Jesus established Christianity in 4 B.C.E. Now youve learned all about the differences between Judaism and Christianity but now you have to learn the similarities between the two religions. Both religions are monotheistic meaning they have one God who created the universe. Also, both consider Jerusalem a holy city in different ways. Both religions also have a sacred book that they read to discover things of their religion, although these religions have different books they still learn many similar things, and finally, both religions recognize Jesus in some way, either as a prophet or a Messiah. So, as you can see Judaism and Christianity are very similar but also very different.

The Motion Detector Sensor Engineering Essay

The Motion Detector Sensor Engineering Essay Home automation is a system that uses to help the resident to do the household activity or housework. These housework or household activity can be from pet feeding, plant watering, home entertainment system and so on. It can be operate either automatically or sometime control remotely which all depend to the home resident [2]. The entire system can be controlled by using from remove control, computer, internet until telephone. The home automation covered very wide of hoe system and it is also including home security system. The home security system basically can be separate to five categories [3], there are: Detection of intrusion Simulation of presence Detection of fire, gas and water Medical alert and precise Safe closing of blind For this project, only 2 categories have been discussed. There are detection of intrusion and detection of fire. And there are 4 types of intrusion which are [3]: i) Detection of movement ii) Magnetic contact of door or window iii) Glass breaking and pressure change iv) Pressure change 2.1 Part research and analysis 2.1.1 Motion detector sensor Only detection of movement has been discussed for this project. In here, the detection of movement means the movement that cause by human being and a motion detector sensor being use to detect the motion. A motion detector sensor can separate to active and passive and it can detect motion by using optics or acoustics. An active motion detector sensor is dispersing a constant field to detect motion. The field will remains static until something is enters it then disturbs the reflected pattern. Meanwhile, a passive motion sensor is waiting in standby mode in order to trigger a threshold setting when motion is detected. However, active and passive technique both have similar disadvantage. They only can sense very limited range that may weaken with distance. As the result, combination of both techniques has been used to gain greater effectiveness to detect the motion [4]. There are several types of motion detector sensor being use in the market [5] for example: i) Infrared motion detector sensor Infrared motion sensor is the most reliable and cheapest among the entire motion sensors available in the market. The concept of infrared motion sensor is using the infrared light spectrum to measure the heat of objects that pass in front of it. Then it will compare the heating level to heating level that cause by objects that behind it. The wavelength infrared wave is between 0.7 and 300 micrometers but shorter than the  wavelength  of  visible light  but longer than microwaves that cannot be detected by human senses but can felt as the heat. This infrared motion detector sensor can be fitted with different lenses to get greater distances. Basically the infrared motion detector sensor separate to 2 types only, there are passive and active infrared motion sensor [6]. The passive infrared sensors will detect electromagnetic radiated energy that generate by external sources like thermal energy emitted by people in the infrared range as figure. The thermal energy will reaches to the sensor that comprise more than one individual  sensor which made from pyroelectric materials. This sensor will generate an electrical voltage according it is heated or cooled [7]. Figure 1: The operation of passive motion infrared sensor [8] Meanwhile, the active infrared sensors will generate a multiple beam pattern of modulated infrared energy and react if it has change in the modulation of the frequency or an interruption in the received energy. The active infrared motion basically consist emitter and receiver pairs to generate IR detection zone. However, this emitter and receiver pairs need to adjust probably to achieve the best balancing between reflected IR energy and transmitted IR energy. This balance is called as the threshold level of reflected IR. If the reflected IR energy significantly above the threshold level, IR motion detector sensor will trigger on as figure: Figure 2: The operation of active motion infrared sensor [9] ii) Microwave motion detector sensor Figure 3: The operation of microwave motion sensor [10] The microwave motion detector sensor is type of active sensor that using radar call  Doppler radar to send out microwaves in order to detect and measure the movement of an object. Then it will receive the returning waves that cause by moving object to determine the distance, direction even the speed of the object. Basically the microwave motion detector has 2 types, they called bistatic and monostatic [11]. The bistatic type contains emitter and receiver which operate separately to configure the beam to fit particular situation. It has a larger detection range which up to 1500 linear feet but it cannot define the area of detection and easy to cause the error [12]. Meanwhile, the monostatic type can define detection area based on microwave beam that it emits. The detection range is smaller than bistatic which only 400 linear feet but it more efficient [12]. Although the microwave motion detector sensor cover a larger area than infrared sensor and more reliable over longer distances, but it is least popular because of their vulnerability to electrical interference and expensive cost [11]. iii) Ultrasonic motion detector sensor Figure 4: The operation of ultrasonic motion sensor [13] An ultrasonic  motion detector sensor will detect the movement by generating the sound wave in the ultrasonic frequency range around 30 kHz to 50 kHz within the limited area [14]. It will generate a cone-shaped sound wave and listen to the echoes. . The sound wave generally inaudible to humans and most animals but it does not pass through most objects. So, if no object is moving within the zone of detection, the pattern of sound wave in its environment and the time that reflected back will remain the same. However, if something moves, the microwave detector will detect and analysis the level or phase of returning sound waves then will trigger on the sensor [14]. Basically this ultrasonic motion detector sensor separated to 2 types, there are active and passive. [15] The active ultrasound motion detector sensors emit sound waves from quartz-crystal transducers then the sound wave will cover within the field of detection. The sound wave will not disrupt if there is no any movement detected. However, the sound wave will disrupt when movement detected and reflected back to receiver. The receiver will sent the signal to control unit and trigger on the sensor by analysis its sensitivity and calibration. Although the microwave motion detector sensor very efficiency in performance, but it is weak in very short of the field of detection that only detectable up to forty feet [15]. Meanwhile the passive motion detector sensors operate on the principle of sounds for example breaking glass to trigger on the sensor. These sounds produce sound waves that detected by the sensors which same concept like the active sensors. The signal will sent to control units to determine if the sound wave pattern falls within established normal parameters [15]. Table below is the summary of technologies to detect the motion: Technique Description Advantages Disadvantages 1) Infrared [6] Active: Generate multiple beam of modulated infrared energy and receive any interrupt or change of received energy Passive: detect electromagnetic radiated energy that generate by external sources like thermal energy i) Low cost ii) Easy to maintain i) Cover very small area 2) Microwave [12] Cover area with electronic field and receive any disturb or movement of electronic field i) Cover large area ii) Quick response i)High cost ii)Too sensitive 3) Ultrasonic [15] Generate sound wave and reflect the sound wave if any disturb or movement i) Cover large area ii) Quick response iii) Long lifetime i) Easy affect by environment vibration ii) High cost Table 1: Summary and comparison of 3 technologies to detect the motion 2.1.2 Heat detector sensor For another category which is detection of fire, there also have several techniques to detect it. These techniques are sensing in temperature, humidity and smoke [3] and sensing in temperature will be discussed in this project. There are few technologies in this market to sense the temperature [16] like table: Technologies Description Advantages Disadvantages 1)Thermocouple [17] Consist junction of 2 types of metal that joined together will produce voltage which varies with temperature change i) can used in wide temperature ii)Fast response i) Low accuracy ii) short life time 2) Resistance thermometer (RTD) [18] Electrical resistance of pure metal will increase with rise of temperature i) High accuracy ii) Good stability i)Slow response ii) High cost 3) Thermistor [19] Type of ceramic resistor that resistance will change with temperature changing i) Accuracy in small scale of temperature range ii) Good vibration i) Limit in small temperature range Table 2: Summary and comparison 3 of technologies to sense the temperature in the market 2.1.3 Wireless system application Short range radio application The table below show that the summary of some short range radio application and characteristics that use in the market. Application Frequency Characteristics Security system 300MHz -500MHz,800MHz,900MHZ Simplicity, easy installation Emergency medical alarms 300MHz-500MHz,800MHz Convenient carrying, long battery life, reliable Computer accessories UHF(Ultra High frequency) High data rates, vary short range, low cost RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 100kHz to 2.4GHz Vary short range, active or passive transponder Wireless microphone and headphone VHF(Very High Frequency), UHF( Ultra High frequency) Analog high fidelity voice modulation, moderate price Keyless entry(gate opener) UHF(Ultra High Frequency) Miniature transmitter, special coding to prevent duplication Wireless bar code readers 900MHz, 2.4GHz Industrial use, spread spectrum Table 3: Short range radio application [20] Figure 5: Radio communication link diagram [21] Figure above is the radio communication link diagram. In transmitter, the source data will send to encoder to create a group of bits then sent the signal to receiver to make sure that no any false occurrences happen. Then the receiver will check and only accept the signals that the same address bits same with it. The signal that sent which also call message frame has 4 fields [21] like figure: Figure 6: Message frame [21] The first field is called preamble that as start bits to tell the receiver the message begins. Next field is called address, it will identify address and notifies the receiver come from which units that message is coming which sent by transmitter. Then the data field will follow on which it may indicate what type of event is being signaled in some protocols. Finally last field is parity which allows the receiver to determine whether the message was received correctly or not [21]. When several transmitters are used with the same receiver, all transmitters need to have the same identification address which set by receiver where receiver need to be set to recognize the identification address of all the transmitters that used in the system. Table below is the summary of advantage and disadvantages of two addressing system [21]: Advantages Disadvantages Unlimited number of transmitter can be used with a receiver Limited number of bits increase false number and interference from adjacent system Can be used with commercially available data encoder and decoders Device must be opened for coding during installation Transmitter and receiver can be easily replaced without recoding the opposite terminal Must be used with a dedicated microcontroller and cannot be used with standard encoders and decoders Each transmitter is individually recognized by receiver Limited number of transmitters can be used with each receiver Large number of code bits reduces possibility of false number Longer code reduces probability of detection Table 4: Advantages and disadvantages of two addressing system [21] 2.2 Review of similar product No Product Specification Cost Reference 1 Motion detector alarm set Detect motion and activates alarm -Build in high output 105dB alarm -Keypad to arm or disarm and security code -120VAC adapter operate US $24.99 [22] 2 Wireless motion system CWA2000 Transmitter can transmit signal to receiver until half mile away -Activates LED and buzzer on base station when detect motion -Expendable up to 8 motion sensor -Can adjust sensitivity of detection -Receiver required AC power and 4 AA batteries for backup mode -Sensor required 4 AA batteries US $99.00 [23] 3 Skylink SC-10 wireless Home security system -Consists 2 door or window sensors and 2 keychain transmitter -Arm or Disarm by using keychain transmitter -Build in high output 110dB siren -Expendable up to 15 sensors operate by AC power and 4 AA batteries for backup mode US $109.95 [24] 4 Powermax + wireless intruder alarm -Support real time viewing from camera -Consist 3 PIR sensor and 2 magnetic door sensor with wireless -External high output siren -Sent message to user by email, SMS or phone when any incident happened -Support latchkey to inform parent when child arrive to home -Remote home management which provide control and status update up to electrical devices -Required AC power to operate  £257.00 [25] 3.7 Hardware description 3.7.1PIC16F874A microcontroller Figure 14: Pin description of PIC16F874A microcontroller [26] The behavior of the Home Security system basically control by three PIC 16F8XX microcontrollers. The PIC16F8XX microcontroller is under Microchip PIC microcontroller device and very commonly being use because of low-cost, low-power consumption but high speed in performance and I/O flexibility if compare to other device and family. The microcontroller emphasizes almost same function as a microprocessor but PIC Microcontroller only operates at very low speed or frequency which only few MHz or even lower if compare to microprocessors that operate with high speed or frequency. Besides, PIC microcontroller consumes very small among of power consumption which only around miliwatts. So, PIC Microcontroller is more suitable for home security system compared to microprocessor in terms of size, cost, power consumption and the memory to control the input/output devices. They are three types of microcontroller also take into consideration, which are PIC 16F84A [27], PIC16F874A [26] and Atmel-AT89C2051 [28].The comparison was made before the final decision make. Below is the table of comparison between 3 microprocessors: Features Microchip (PIC16F84A) Microchip(PIC16F874A) Atmel(ATmega88V) Instruction 35 single word 35 single word 131 single word Operating speed 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz Flash Program Memory 1024 x 14 words 4k x 14 words 8k x 14words Data Memory(RAM) 68 x 8 bytes 192 x 8 bytes 1k bytes internal SRAM EEPROM 64 x 8 bytes 128 x 8 bytes 512 x 8 bytes I/O Port 13 33 23 Counter/timer 1 3 2 Counter bit 8 bits 16 bits 16 bits Series Interface (MSSP) -In-Circuit Serial Programmingâ„ ¢ (ICSPâ„ ¢) via two pins Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPIâ„ ¢ (Master mode) I ²Câ„ ¢ (Master/Slave) Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I ²C compatible) Operating Voltage 2.0V-5.5V 2.0V 5.5V 1.8V 5.5V Software MPLAB ® IDE MPLAB ICD2 MPLAB ® IDE MPLAB ICD2 ATAVRISP

Cost Volume Profit Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages

Cost Volume Profit Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages â€Å"Cost Volume Profit Analysis is not appropriate in an environment where companies produce many diverse products†. Cost volume profit analysis is the study of the effects of output volume on revenue, costs and profit (Horngren, Sundem and Stratton). The most common use of cost volume profit analysis is to find break-even point in terms of number of units sold. In its simplest form cost volume profit analysis works for single product companies. But most of the companies produce more than one product. Sales mix is the relative proportion of quantities of different products that comprise total sales. When sales mix changes, break-even point changes and so does the profit. Like any model, cost volume profit analysis is based on certain assumptions. This paper looks at the applicability of the assumptions, especially for a company producing more than one product. Most of the assumptions in cost volume profit model are based on the linearity of cost and sales with units. Major elements impacting cost are sudden increase in fixed costs, gain in worker efficiency and higher bargaining power of the company. Similarly revenues are non-linear because companies give varying discounts to different customers. Assumptions made in cost volume profit analysis: Unit selling price remains constant. This implies that the price of the product or service will not change as sales volume varies. In reality the situation is different as reduced selling prices are normally associated with increased sales volume and this supports the supply-demand hypothesis which states that lowering of price will result in higher sales and vice-versa. It is a common practice in the business world to offer different discounts to different customers based on the volume of purchase and the strategic importance of sale. Companies offer bulk discounts to larger customers. Managers often reduce prices as volume increases to attract more customers. Also stiff competition means selling product at discounts during lean periods or during festive times. Bigger companies producing more than one product have often more than one sales manager and they have their own targets. Each sales manager would adjust his sales volume and price to maximize his products profits and this may not result in ideal sales mix for the whole company. Hence the assumption of constant sales price is rarely applicable in today’s dynamic world. The realistic sales-output relationship is more like a curve than a straight line. And when a company is selling more than one product, the analysis of break-even point under multiple non-linear relationships becomes more difficult. The behavior of costs is linear (straight line) over the relevant range. This implies the following assumptions: Costs can be categorised as fixed or variable. In a large organisation with multi-product it becomes very difficult to organize costs into fixed and variable. Not only there are a large number of costs involved but also there are a large number of cost drivers acting on those costs. Under such circumstances segregating costs into fixed and variable is a very tedious and time consuming job. Unit variable costs are fixed and constant. It is possible that unit variable costs remain fixed under circumstances like where a company produces just one standard product. Most businesses enjoy benefits of economics of scale as their production increases in terms of Higher trade discounts; Better credit and financing terms. The above benefits result in reduction of variable cost per unit with increase in number of units. The assumption of linear variable costs doesn’t hold true in reality and will result in a situation where the relationship between variable cost and output is a non-linear relation (Williamson). Also when a company sells many products, unit variable costs can’t be identified properly and hence not known. It is hard to classify variable cost to each product. As an example, a superstore sells thousands of products at different prices. Calculating break-even point in terms of number of units sold would be meaningless. In such scenarios, companies can use total sales and total variable costs to calculate variable costs as a percentage of total sales. Fixed costs remain fixed over a wide range of activity. Companies, based on their experience and studies, can analyse fixed cost over a range of activity. But it would be improper to assume that fixed costs would remain constant over a wide range of activity. In a multi-product company, different products will take different unit time of various production facilities. A change in sales mix may not be met by existing fixed capacity and involve setting up of further facilities resulting in higher fixed costs. Many times fixed cost has a step change and a particular fixed cost is applicable for a range of production only. Because of sudden change in fixed costs, unit costs can vary a lot just near the step change point. In case of multi product companies, because of change in sales mix, it becomes difficult to access which product has caused the change in fixed costs. The efficiency and productivity of the production process and workers remain constant. Under economics of scale, efficiency of production processes increases with increase in production of units. Higher production levels should result in lower variable cost due to higher productivity. This means that assumption of constant unit variable costs doesn’t hold true when there is a change in productivity and efficiency. It is easier to calculate efficiency gains in a single product business. But for a company involved in multiple products, it becomes difficult to track efficiency gains in each process. In multi-product organizations, the sales mix remains constant over the relevant range. It is hardly a scenario where all products perform as per budget expectations in terms of number of units sold. Let’s first examine the scenario where sales-output relationship is a straight line. If products have different contribution percentages, change in sales mix would change overall contribution. A change in sales mix is now basically a question of working out new contribution to sales ratio which is a weighted average based on the number and contribution percentage of each product sold. Change in sales mix would change the contribution ratio and hence the break-even point. If now sales-output relationship is a non-linear one, it becomes much more difficult to calculate contribution percentage at different sales mix. The use of computer programming has made the task of calculations much easier but managers can miss the learning by just focusing on overall break-even point and profits. Fearon (1960) reasoned that the problem of maintaining a constant product-mix in a multi-product company may not be that serious because of the following main points: Break-even analysis is not just to give exact answer, it is more to throw light on the problem areas for management; Break-even point should be used as approximation and as an area rather than a point; Over time, multi-product companies reach a stable product mix which changes slowly. Hence constant product mix could be a good approximation for such scenarios; and Also if company uses constant margin over the cost for all products, then it is much simpler to use cost volume analysis. For companies adopting this pricing strategy, sales mix is not a complex issue. Ignores the time value of money. Cost volume profit analysis doesn’t take into account the time value of money. All cash flows are taken at face value. In real world, there are differences in timing of cash inflows and outflows. Companies have to pay for buying stock, workers salary, marketing and distribution before they can realize sales. Companies pay interest on any money borrowed to finance their working capital. Companies operating in high margin products can still manage to ignore the time value of money but companies with low-margin products have to take into account interest charges. There is no change in inventory levels at the beginning and end of the period. This is hardly the case as most of the companies have work in progress at the beginning and end of a period. It can be a coincidence that the inventory levels are same at the beginning and end, but very rarely a company would plan inventory levels in such a way so that there is no net change in inventory during a period. The task of managing inventory with multiple products is even more difficult. This is not a major issue as companies do stock taking at the end of a period for financial records. But the change in prices over the period and interest on working capital should be taken into account for proper cost volume profit calculations. Fearon (1960) suggested some techniques to incorporate the product mix in a multi-product company for cost volume profit analysis. Though he suggested five different ways of adopting simple cost volume profit analysis in a multi-product company, he himself wasn’t fully satisfied with any of those solutions. But he mentioned that the sales mix could be approximated to benefit from the cost volume profit analysis. With all its shortcomings and assumptions, cost volume profit analysis can be used to look at the profitability levels. Companies producing multiple products in today’s dynamic world should carry on the analysis with a view to look at the results as an approximation and not the definite answer. Management should use the results to highlight problem areas. CONCLUSION Cost volume profit analysis is a common tool used to find break-even point in terms of number of units sold. Assumptions used in cost volume profit analysis are debatable because of linearity of cost and sales price. In real world, both cost and sales price remain fixed only over a narrow range and are impacted by elements like improvement in worker efficiency, bulk discounts both in purchasing and being offered to clients and competition. When a company produces more than one product, a change in the relative proportion of quantities of different products changes the break-even point and profit. Because of the non-linearity and change in sales mix, cost volume profit analysis will not give a correct answer but could be a good approximation of what levels of production should a company target to break-even or to make certain level of profits. Management should use the analysis to look more at the problem areas and profitability of products rather than finding exact profit numbers. BIBLIOGRAPHY Fearon, H. E. (1960). â€Å"Constant product mix – A limiting assumption in B-E analysis†, National Association of Accountants, NAA Bulletin, July 1960, Pg. 61 Horngren, C.T., G.L. Sundem and W.O. Stratton. â€Å"Introduction to management accounting†. Prentice Hall International, Eleventh edition. Williamson, D. â€Å"Cost Volume Profit Analysis: Its assumptions and their pitfalls†, (http://business.fortunecity.com/discount/29/cvpass.htm), date 21 January 2007

Close Reading of the Two Holes Passage of Toni Morrisons Sula :: Sula Essays

A Close Reading of the Two Holes Passage of Sula   Ã‚  Ã‚   Toni Morrison’s novel Sula is rich with paradox and contradiction from the name of a community on top of a hill called "Bottom" to a family full of discord named "Peace." There are no clear distinctions in the novel, and this is most apparent in the meaning of the relationship between the two main characters, Sula and Nel. Although they are characterized differently, they also have many similarities. Literary critics have interpreted the girls in several different ways: as lesbians (Smith 8), as the two halves of a single person (Coleman 145), and as representations of the dichotomy between good and evil (Bergenholtz 4 of 9). The ambiguity of these two characters allows for infinite speculation, but regardless of how the reader interprets the relationship their bond is undeniable. The most striking example of their connection occurs right before the accidental death of Chicken Little. In the passage preceding his death, Nel and Sula conduct an almost ceremonial co mmitment to one another that is sealed permanently when "the water darkened and closed quickly over the place where Chicken Little sank" (Morrison 61): Together they worked until the two holes were one and the same. When the depression was the size of a small dishpan, Nel’s twig broke. With a gesture of disgust she threw the pieces into the hole they had made. Sula threw hers in too. Nel saw a bottle cap and tossed it in as well. Each then looked around for more debris to throw into the hole: paper, bits of glass, butts of cigarettes, until all the small defiling things they could find were collected there. Carefully they replaced the soil and covered the entire grave with uprooted grass. Neither one had spoken a word. (Morrison 58-59) The image of the girls working together to dig holes in the dirt begins with each girl digging her own hole, but symbolically the two separate holes become one, representing the merging of Sula and Nel into a deep and meaningful relationship. The imagery of a "hole" is used to describe the "whole" of Sula and Nel, indicating the completeness of the two when they are together. When the girls concurrently throw their twigs into the hole it is as if they are throwing themselves into each other’s consciousness, making a permanent connection with one another. Each twig represents their independent selves being joined with the other when they are thrown together into the hole to be buried.

Japanese Art Essay -- Japan Artistic Arts Japanese Essays

Japanese Art Japan’s Art, although sometimes over looked has evolved through many different periods. Its simplest forms in the Archaic period and last on its more complex period the Ego Period. Even though some skeptics believe that Japanese art can not compare to the art of the Greeks or Romans. Japanese Art yet simple is refreshing and has left Japan with wonderful shrines, paintings and traditions. The periods of Japanese art are the Archaic, Ask, Heian, Kamakura, Askikaga and the Ego periods. Each Period has taken Japan to a new level of art. Starting with the Archaic period, Japan was a prehistoric society where its art consisted of well crafted vessels, vases, and tools. Most vessels and vases were constructed to look like they were surrounded in rope but in reality it was part of the ceramic and clay pieces. They lived in pit dwellings with thatched roofs on bamboo stilts. The Japanese did however build shrines in this period. These shrines were consisted of many buildings and were concentrated around a central axis. The symmetrical system was off set by a gate and a building were only the deity could dwell. The most famous of these Shrines is the Ise Shrine. This shrine is 55 yards by 127 yards and is completely fenced in. The Shrine is also made entirely out of wood! With the building of shrines the Japanese moved into a new period, the Asuka period. The religion of the people changed to Buddhism which also cha...

Antilock Brakes Essay -- essays papers

Antilock Brakes Antilock brakes are impressive performers on the test track and in television advertising. What has surprised a lot of people is that anti-lock brakes are not reducing the frequency or cost of accidents. This is the case despite the obvious benefits of antilock brakes in test situations. The reason why anti-locks are not making the expected and much projected difference is because many drivers lack the knowledge and experience need to use ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) effectively. I. Introduction A. What are ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) B. Popularity of ABS II. What ABS do and don’t do A. In normal breaking conditions B. In conditions such as: rain, snow, ice C. Why don’t ABS work so well on dry roads III. Understanding ABS A. How ABS works B. Wheel Slip IV. Testing/Findings/Conclusion A. Testing of ABS vs. Conventional Brakes B. Test results C. Conclusion ABS (Anti-lock Brake System): WHAT THEY CAN AND CANNOT DO I. Introduction Antilock brakes are impressive performers on the test track and in television advertising. The idea behind anti-lock brakes is simple. Anti-lock brakes are designed to prevent skidding and help drivers maintain steering control during an emergency-braking situation, by automatically pumping the brakes for the driver to prevent wheel lock. Because the wheels are kept from locking up, the driver is able to better control the vehicle. What has surprised a lot of people is that anti-lock brakes are not reducing the frequency or cost of accidents. This is the case despite the obvious benefits of antilock brakes in test situations. Antilock brakes have become very popular with the public. Forty-three percent of the 1993 model cars came equipped with them and the ratio for 1994 models is eighty percent. This brings the total number of cars on the road today with anti-locks to about 18,000,000. Much of the increase is because of the growing safety reputation antilock brakes forged on the test track. This reputation has been inflated by car commercials that imply anti-locks can prevent crashes because of better stopping power under all conditions. Consumers very often haven't been shown cars with anti-locks performing on surfaces tha... ...ses are: be alert, allow enough stopping distance, and understand your car's safety technology. Bibliography: ANNONATIVE BIBOLGRAPHY ACT Traffic Handbook-Part D Road Craft Online. Internet. 05 April 2000. Available at http://www.act.gov.au/living/roads/traffic/ptdr. html Provided tips and information on how to be a safe and smarter driver. Car Safety Magazine Highway Loss Data Institute. (1996). â€Å"Insurance losses of car equipped with ABS†. Online. Internet. 05 April 2000.Available at http://www.carsafety.org/sr.htm This article provided the testing and results of their investigation, and of The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. CCJ’s Magazine Ross, Chris. (1996). March 1996 article â€Å"Anti-lock braking system†. Online. Internet. 05 April 2000. Available at http://www.ccjmagazine.com/ABS.htm This article provided information of the impact ABS had on the commercial vehicle industry. The Mad Scientist Popa, Adrian. (1998). â€Å"How does the ABS (Anti-lock Brake System) work?† Online. Internet. 05 April 2000. Available at http://www.madscientist.com This article provides information on the computer systems that control ABS.

The Older American Act 1965 Health And Social Care Essay

AbstractionIn 1965, Congress created the Older American Act, a federal and province bureau to turn to the societal service demands of the older grownup population. The end of the Older American Act is to assist the older population maintain independency in their places and their communities. The ripening services web refers to the bureaus, plans, and activities that are involved with the Older American Act. As the figure of older grownups addition, the demand for services is expected to lift. Along with the rise of demands there will necessitate to a degree of consciousness. In carry throughing its end, the Department of Aging responds to the demands of societies deriving population through a assortment of services. The Older American Act was enacted in 1965 with the intent of giving older American increased chances for take parting in society. The Older American Act specifies that all older individuals are eligible for services irrespective of income. An older individual is defined as an person who is age 60 and over, with penchant to those with the greatest economic demand but besides particular attending is given to low income minorities and older grownups that live in the rural countries. People 65 and older represent a little more than 9 per centum of the state ‘s population when the Act was enacted. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) By 2006, the figure of aged reached 37.3 million people and 12.4 per centum of the US population. By 2020, about one in six people will be the age 65 and older. Harmonizing to informations compiled by the provinces about 3 million people received services funded by the Act such as place delivered repasts, place attention, and instance direction on a regular footing. ( Le gislation and Budget, 2008 ) The Older American Act requires each province to depict within their twelvemonth programs on how they are traveling to transport out and give penchant to clients. Each of these demands is looked at when services are needed. Greatest economic demand mean the income is below or at the poorness threshold. Each twelvemonth the Department of Health and Human Services sets the poorness degrees. The poorness degrees for 2010 are presently at $ 10,830 for a one-man family and $ 14,750 for a two individual. ( AoA.gov, 2008 ) Greatest societal demand mean the demand caused by non-economic factors which included physical and mental disablements, linguistic communication barriers, cultural, societal, or geographic isolation which would curtail the individual ‘s ability to execute normal undertaking or endanger the fact to populate independently.Food PlansHarmonizing to the Centers for Disease Control, the norm 75 twelvemonth old has three chronic conditions and uses five prescription drugs ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) Nutrition and wellness can travel manus in manus. Bad eating wonts or deficiency of nutrient can take to hapless vitamin intake, weight issues, and overall emphasis. Based on the 2003 Food Security Supplement to the current population study conducted by the Bureau of Census, approximately 1.5 million families with older grownups reported that they did non hold plenty to eat. Lack of money was the primary ground. ( O'Shaughn, 2008 ) Older grownups populating in poorness were more likely to describe a hapless diet so older grownups populating above the poorness line. In many instances, older grownups are forced to take between purchasing nutrient and paying for medical specialty, public-service corporations, or other personal points. As portion of the Older American Act, the nutrient cast plan is available. The nutrient cast plan was designed to assist stop hungriness and better nutrition for low income. Food cast benefits are used to purchase any nutrient or nutrie nt merchandise for usage by people. For illustration, you could non purchase dog nutrient or lavatory paper with the nutrient casts. The nutrient cast plan is the largest service plan of the Older American Act about accounting for 40 per centum of the support. In 2006, approximately 2.6 million people received 238 million repasts ; 59 per centum of repasts were served to frail older people populating at place and 41 per centum serviced in congregate scenes. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) Congregate repast and nutrition sites are province and federally funded. Almost two-thirds of congregate receivers were age 75 and older and lived entirely. Over one quart had an income of $ 10,000 or less ; 58 per centum reported that the repast plan provided more than one-half of their day-to-day nutrient consumption. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) More than 6.5 million repasts are delivered to the homebound elderly five yearss a hebdomad. Food larders are besides available but are funded by province and community resource s. Senior Farmers Market Nutrition plan is federally funded and provides vouchers to low income seniors to buy fruit and veggies at local husbandmans markets. The trade good Supplement nutrient plan works to better the wellness of people at least 60 old ages of age by supplementing their diets with trade good nutrients. The federal authorities provides nutrient and fund to the provinces to supplement so diets. The nutrient bundles do non supply a complete diet but alternatively points that are typically missing with population. Food bundles include a assortment of nutrients such as non-fact dry and evaporate milk, juice, farina, oats, ready to ear cereal, rice, pasta, peanut butter, dry beans or peas, canned meat or domestic fowl, tuna and canned fruit and veggies. Merely fewer than 433,000 aged participated in the plan in 2007. ( O'Shaughn, 2008 ) States set up an income bound for the aged that is at or below 130 per centum of the federal poverty income guidelines. State may besides set up residence demands and they besides can necessitate participants be nutritionary hazards, which can be determined by their physician or the bureau. Anot her federally funded nutrient plan is the exigency nutrient aid plan. The nutrient is available at local nutrient larders and the individual is provided with transcribed veggies and fruits, pasta, beans, and rice. For protein the bundle may include transcribed tuna, peanut butter and sometimes chicken. Since it is a addendum to other plans, the sums may change and typically, the nutrient that is provided should last 3-5 yearss.Medical ProgramsMedicare is a medical plan that is available to grownups that are having Social Security at age of 65 and older, having Social Security disablement after a 24 month delay and anyone with terminal phase nephritic failure. Medicare benefits consist of four parts. Medicare portion a helps cover inmate attention in infirmaries, skilled nursing installations, place wellness and hospice attention. It is free if you have worked and paid Social Security revenue enhancements for at least 10 old ages. If you have non worked to run into the lower limit so you would be required to pay a monthly premium. Medicare portion B helps cover physician ‘s services and outpatient infirmary attention. It besides covers some other medical services that portion a does non cover such as physical and occupational therapy, preventative attention, lasting medical equipment, research lab trials, X raies, mental wellness and some ambulance services. It besides covers the first three pints of blood if needed each twelvemonth. A few prescription drugs are covered under portion B. Examples of some that are covered are anti-cancer, dialysis drugs and doctor administered drugs that you usually would non bale able to take yourself at place. There is a monthly premium for portion B. Medicare prescription carpet coverage covers both trade name name and generic prescription drugs. Drug coverage provides protection for people who have really high drug costs. Part vitamin D is provided merely through private insurance companies that have contracts with the authorities. Everyone who had Medicare is eligible for coverage, irrespective of income, wellness, or disbursal. ( Werner, 2010 ) Medicare Preventive Benefits are used for testing and early sensing. Medicare covers the initial physical test, cardiovascular showings, mammograms, pablum trials, and pelvic test. This coverage is normally received from a private wellness insurance company such as HMO and PPO. Medicare private wellness programs must offer at least the same benefits as non-private wellness insurance companies. They are non required, nevertheless, to hold the same regulations, costs, and coverage limitations as Medicare provides. Medicaid is a federal and province plan that covers medical attention for older grownups with low incomes. Each province runs different Medicare plans for different groups of people. However, each has the same things in common. Each sate covered older people, people with disablements, and people who are blind. Each province does hold different eligibility degrees. All provinces have plans to supply place and community based attention with limited incomes that are in demand of these services. Each province must besides cover place wellness attention for those with limited incomes. You can hold both Medicare and Medicaid. Medicaid can cover services that Medicare does non. Medicaid can besides assist cover the out of pocket costs such as deductibles and copayments. Home Health Care services are prescribed by a doctor for a individual who is at hazard of hospitalization or following a hospital stay. These services can include nursing services, physical therapy. Occupational therapy, address therapy, and services provided by a place wellness adjutant. About one out of four families is involved in supplying aid to older household members and other older grownups. About one-half of household health professionals are employed full clip and about two tierces are employed either full clip or portion clip. ( Legislation and Budget, 2008 ) The bulk of health professionals provide unpaid aid for one to four old ages and 20 per centum provided attention for five old ages or more. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) About 7 million health professionals provide informal attention to older people in demand of aid. Home attention can include supportive and personal attention. Supportive attention includes ; place services such as cleansing, wash, cookery, and personal errands. Personal attention includes bathing, nail film editing, medicine, training, and if needed lesion attention. Each province is required to put aside financess to cover these services. Nationally the figure is little with about 300,000 people having attention in 2006. Harmonizing to 2004 informations, about two tierces of receivers who receive the place services lived entirely and were over 75 old ages old, with over four fifths with an income under $ 15,000. ( AOA.gov, 2008 ) In the 2006, approximately 44 million dollars were set aside for place attention services. Older American Act services may be provided without the income and plus limitations that are under Medicaid. ( Werner, 2010 ) An of import portion of be aftering for long term attention is understanding how to pay for services. Long-term attention is really expensive and Medicare coverage will non pay for most of the long-run attention services that are needed. One twelvemonth in a nursing place, based on a 2008 national norm, costs over $ 68,000 for a semi private room. ( Illinois Department of Aging, 2009 ) One twelvemonth of attention at place, with the aid of a personal supportive attention worker three times a hebdomad, would be about $ 18,000 a twelvemonth. ( Werner, 2010 ) Costss for long-run attention services can be dependance on the type and sum of services that the client would necessitate. For illustration, nursing places around my country, charge supernumerary for services provide beyond basic room and board charge, which include hair assignments, therapy and activities outside the installation. Medicare merely pays for long term attention if you require skilled services or are recovering from a process and merely necessitate the services for a short clip.Other plans availableThe senior community service plan is a community service and work based preparation for older workers. It is portion of the Older American Act and it provides subsidised portion clip, community service work based on developing for low income people age 55 and older. Program participants work an norm of 20 hours a hebdomad and are paid minimal pay. Placement locations can include twenty-four hours attention centres, senior centres, schools and infirmaries. There are other services available through senior community service employment plan to help the older worker. Participants are offered services that allow the client to hold an single employment program created orientation, community service preparation, one-year physicals and aid in procuring unsubsidized employment. To be eligible for this plan the client must be at least 55 and non hold earned more than 25 per centum over the federal poorness deg ree in income. Employment precedence is given to people over 60, veterans and qualified partners of veterans. Preference is given to minority, limited English speech production, and Indian eligible people. Preference is besides given to those who have the greatest economic demand. Based on engagement records more the 60,000 participants presently enrolled in the plan but as turnover and other occupation arrangements go on, more than 90,000 people will be served. ( Senior resource, 1999-2009 ) Adult twenty-four hours attention centres provide coordinated plans for seniors. Servicess are offered to supply societal and some wellness services to older grownups who need supervised attention in a safe topographic point outside the place during the twenty-four hours. Adult centres are normally unfastened during concern hours five yearss a hebdomad. In some communities, there are some plans offered in the eventide, but a bulk of the plans are during hours where the chief health professional could be at work. Social activities allow the interaction with other members in activities that can run from excursions, games, humanistic disciplines and trades, and exercising. Transportation system is provided and the client is pricked up at place and at the terminal of the twenty-four hours returned place. Meals and bites are provided and if needed can be specialized. Personal attention is provided to clients that need aid with toileting, training, and other personal activities of day-to-d ay life. Harmonizing to the national survey of grownup twenty-four hours services there are 3,400 centres supplying attention to over 150,000 clients a twenty-four hours. ( AOA.gov, 2008 )DecisionWhile this is merely a brief overview of the work that the Older American Act does for the aged population, it is proof that the authorities is working difficult to do the concluding old ages on this planet better for everyone. This statute law paves the manner for more plans in the hereafter to assist maintain the aged people safe from injury every bit good as independent and in their ain places for every bit long as possible. The ends of the Older American Act have been carried out through a web of bureaus on all authorities degrees. At a clip when the state is aging, it is of import to see that the best hereafter is created for the aging population.

King v Cogdon

King v Cogdon, was an Australian case heard in 1950. Ms. Cogdon who suffers from minor neurotic conditions is believed to be her daughter’s murderer. She had on an occasion dreamt spiders were attacking her daughter (Pat). That night Ms. Cogdon had slept walked into her room and began to violently brush the spiders off her daughter’s face in her sleep. On the night of the murder, Ms. Cogdon dreamt of soldiers attacking Pat. Though Ms. Cogdon did not recall the incident, she remembered telling her sister that she thought she had hurt Pat.Unconscious Crime Sleepwalkers arise in a state of low consciousness, but are able to perform activities that would otherwise be performed in a state of full consciousness. These activities can range anywhere from: Cleaning, hazardous cooking, driving, grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide. Usually sleepwalking in adults is a sign of drug abuse or some sort of disorder. Sleepwalking is less common in adults than children. Although, sleepwalkers have their eyes open, they have very little or no memory of the incident.Sleepwalkers become bystanders of their own crimes. With this said, should Ms Cogdon be held responsible for the death of her daughter while sleepwalking? Was the Killing of Pat Involuntary? Ms. Cogdon and Pat’s relationship was a close one. Ms. Cogdon always worried about her 19 year old daughter Pat, who had for some time been receiving psychiatric treatment for a minor neurotic condition. Although doctors had said she was cured, Ms Cogdon often worried that she was okay. The night before Pat’s death, they had both gone to the cinema.During their outing they had engaged in a conversation having to do with the war in Korea. This war troubled Ms. Cogdon. She was worried it would one day reach her door steps. Because of her sleepwalking, and other difficulties she had reported to her doctor, he had prescribed her a sedative. There had also been talk of the possibility of psychiatric treatment. That night that Ms. Cogdon fell asleep, she began to dream of the war, and that one of the soldiers was attacking Pat in her bed. It was then when Ms Cogdon in her sleepwalking state, grabbed an axe and struck Pat on the head twice with it killing her. Sleepwalking is one form of automatism, and does not consist of free will. Because sleepwalking is a phenomenon in its own, courts are not properly equipped to evaluate such claims. During the trial Ms. Cogdon plead not guilty, but refused to plea insanity. Experts agreed Ms. Cogdon was not psychotic. Acquitted of Murder Ms. Cogdon was soon released of the murder charges with the defense of automatism. It was believed that Ms. Cogdon had been sleep walking when she wandered into Pat’s room, and her bodily motions were beyond her control. Her story was also supported when her doctors gave testimony that she indeed suffered from mental and physical stresses. At the trial there was enough evidence to believe Ms Cogdon’s acts were involuntary, and therefore convincing the jury of her innocence. Ms. Cogdon was then acquitted of the crime.