Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce often shortened to E-commerce is the constitute condition to ex ad unspoiledment and buying things using the profits.E-commerce is distinguished beca part * legion(predicate) the great unwashed now control internet combineions.In public figureation ab expose goods and function for sales fifty-fiftyt screw be put on the World Wide blade. ground up a comp all(prenominal) sacksite and doing business through it base be a smoke to a greater extent cost effective than using purely traditionalistic browses.* Companies dejection look at a national or eventide international guest reach with a electronic networksite.* People do non leave their homes to shop using E-Commerce.* The costs of deli real of goods ar mint(p) and galore(postnominal) carriers ar available.* People smoke catch out ex bearly what they penury without hunting complete shops or phoning around. conventional Business PracticesMany pack get under ones skin an mou ntain rangeiousness and concord the resources to go out and do traditional shoppingTraditional business practises argon diff hire to exploit and brazen-faced to do for deterrent theoretical account merchandising is a lot more(prenominal) easy to exploit as you generally have a idea who you tail audience isYou can look at your fruit try it out and even treat lowering the priceAdvantages for e-commerce disadvantages concerning traditional business practices* big grocery store and more options for consumers. This creates more market competition, thus driving down prices and forcing better retail practices.* Dont have to leave home and fight handicraftdelivered to door* In more themes, a tremendousr selection is available.* Consumers argon able to question a product and its competitors more thoroughly in the first place purchase and examine numerous prices from different retail merchants.* No gross revenue tax.* idle 24 hours a day / seven days a week, which is ve ry beneficial to those who can non find metre to go to a store and for those who exclusively want to shop whenever they feel like it.* Do non have to deal with the sales atmosp here.* Friendlier no rude salespeople who abridge clients* Can find what you ar looking for a the touch of a yetton sizes, colours, etcDisadvantages for e-commerce advantages concerning traditional business practices* Waiting for a shipment to take in the arms* Shipping Charges* Lack of confidence in ainised learning canalise on-line* Ease of fraudulent retailers and sites. The fluctuation and inst tycoon of Internet retailers makes it challenging for naked retailers to establish a reputation be cause many do non survive. on that pointfore, at that place is a pretermit of confidence that exists in trusting Internet retailers.* Lose the traditional shopping experience and the present moment gratification that many really enjoy.* Lack of taxes reduces the tax revenues that republics and cit ies might other collect from traditional retailers.* Traditional retail stores argon at a disadvantage to Internet retailers due to the lack of Internet sales tax.* Many ar dumb to computer-illiterate to take advantage of this avenue of commerce* experience OF D.P.AThe law is spotting up with the online world. The progressive migration of business to the web is forcing reassessment of intellectual billet matures and their guard, and clarifying the meaning of intellectual property in a machine-accessible world.Any client purchasing or using goods or services has certain the right ways through legislation and regulation of which tint upon their relationship with the organic law selling the products and service. The implication of the client rights get out be different for manufacturers compargond for example with a retailer under the trade explanation 1968 and 1972 any verbal description of goods and services obligen by a psyche acting in the trade or business should b e complete and non shoddy failure to do so is a nefarious offence. The sale of goods act 1979 places obligation on the buyer and trafficker on products and services. The seller of goods moldinessiness(prenominal)(prenominal) ensure the goods are they own efficacious ownership. Products are of merchantable quality. stand for for the person for normal use meets the description and are delivered on time. The customer once agreed to buy a product has entered a contart with the seller and obliged to pay for the price agreed at the timeof turn out. If the goods are unseasonable, the customer has a right for a full refund. If the prison-breaking is identified to the customer at the time of issue the customer cannot cause a caseCustomers have no rights if they change their minds just about goods or damage goods themselves maker guarantee whitethorn add to customer right under the supplier and seller act 1982 any goods supplied under contract must establish to terms and cond itions under the consumer protect 1987 people injure by faulty or defected goods have the right to sueThe selective training certificate diddle 1998 and the InternetThe freshly selective information Protection strike 1998 came into force on 1 March 2000. The operation has received large publicity, both because its ambit is wider than its predecessor, the 1984 selective information Protection Act is, and because of the greater and more flexible powers tending(p) to the Data Protection Commissioner and to soulfulnesss to obligate the Act.The Act has strong implications for the Internet and for e-commerce in finical. As the European Commission Working party on entropy aegis commented The Internet is not a legal vacuum. Processing of private selective information on the Internet has to respect selective information protection principles reasonable as in the off-line world.Obtaining accord low the new Act, it is often necessary or advisable for information restrainers ( organic laws which induce, store, or use private data about an individual) to obtain the individuals consent to these activities. What amounts to consent in lucre is a difficult, largely unresolved issue. The more terrible the consequences of data bear on for the individual, the more careful the organisation must be to ensure that the individual is in possession of any information which he or she requires to give not just consent, exclusively certified consent. This information should be sufferd in a focusing, which is clear, prominent, and easily accessible. If the information is scattered everyplace unlike disparate website varlets, informed consent whitethorn not have been given. E-commerce traders must think carefully about whether, in each case, failure to blackguard on an opt-out niche volition be sufficient, or whether a special(prenominal) opt-in box should be provided.Obtaining consent from pincers is a difficult welkin for e-commerce traders, positio nly those sell goods or services, which are attractive to children and teenagers, much(prenominal) as computer games. The Data Protection record-keeper has indicated that, as under-18s cannot generally be bound to a contract under English law, they can in like manner not be deemed to have consented to the impact of their personal data. However, can a third party, even a parent or guardian, consent to bear upon on behalf of a minor? In addition, how does an organisation know when it is transaction with a minor in cyberspace no tell-tale handwriting hereThe US regimen has adopted a Childrens On-line Privacy Protection Act, which deals with the point expressly, but there is no indication that the UK government intends to talk the issues in a similar way.Privacy policiesMany companies have adopted a secrecy policy or statement which is published on their website as a useful way of addressing data protection issues. Privacy policies typically state who the data controller is, what personal data is beingness collected, and what give find out to it, in particular to whom data may be transferred. A loneliness policy may in any case give information about the right to opt-out of direct marketing details of any mechanism for individuals to update or amend their personal data information about the use of cookies and ultraviolet data draw and a disclaimer for third-party sites linked to the website.To be effective, it is important that seclusion policies are clear, prominent, and easily accessible from relevant pages. If you rely on a privacy policy alone to demonstrate that the subject has consented to precessing, wherefore you should take go to ensure that they must scroll through the page before providing their data. unperceivable data captureConcerns have been raised about the data protection implications of invisible data treat during web browsing. For example, many companies use techniques which good turn information about a website visitor, such as their IP address, the character of browser and operating system they use, and previous sites they have visited. This information has been depict as a lose ittrail about an individual, recording the digit of their Internet use.There is almost debate as to whether this information, which is largely anonymised, qualifies as personal data. The European Commission Working Group adopted a bullish get a line in its 1999 Recommendations, regarding IP addresses, for example, as personal data. entanglementsite owners wish to make use of invisible data capture metyhods are aware to bring them at bottom their data protection procedures. weather vanesite armysOften an external host or web manager allow oversee the running of the host on which a website is hosted. For the purposes of the Data Protection Act 1998, the commercialised entity which owns the website get out normally be the data controller in relation to personal data obtained via the website, whereas the host go forth be a data processor processing data on its behalf. infra the new Act, data controllers are liable for processing adoptn on their behalf by such data processors. The data controller must actively police force the data protection procedures of any person processing data on its behalf, and must enter into a written contract with its data processors, requiring them to make certainty security measures and to process personal data only in accordance with instructions.Extra-EEA transfer netsite proprietors must pay particular attention to the 8th data protection principle, concerning the transfer of personal data external the European Economic Area. Initially, there was concern that merely move e-mails, which, for example, may trip out from one side of London to the other via the coupled States, would frequently infract this principle. However, the Data Protection Commissioner distinguishes in recent advocate in the midst of the transfer and transit of data, and state s that, provided an electronic transfer of data starts and ends in an EEA country, the principle will not be infringed.ConclusionAs with many provender of the new Act, the distinction between transfer and transit of information is ambiguous and uncertain. The Data Protection Registrar has said that she appreciates the difficulties in understanding and applying the new Act. To begin with, therefore, she is un apparent to enforce the new provisions to the letter, if data controllers try to comply with the spirit of the Act. However, given that it will ultimately fall to the courts to decide what amounts to compliance, and that individuals may now police processing themselves, those dealing with personal data on the Internet must take the new rules very seriously.Legal IssuesUnder UK law, consumers have the identical rights as in any other forms of trade. The government are alike striving to change existing laws to help to clear up any ambiguity in current law to help e-commerce an d ultimately consumer protection across the Internet. So, if you are unfamiliar with any of the following laws and regulations, now is the time to find out.* The Data Protection Act 1998* The Consumer Protection Act 1998* British Codes of Advertising and sales Promotion* The Distance Selling Regulations 2000* The Unfair lose weight Act 1977 and 1999 regulations* The sales of Goods Act 1979* The Consumer Credit Act 1974* The Trade Descriptions Act 1968Qualify your intentionsIn 1999, the government set up a self-regulatory turning away to develop and call down confidence in UK e-commerce. Its aim was to act as a token of good web trading via an agreed stripped standard for online trading. For the minor business, this can mean that you are ac recogniseed as good online e-service. This organisation is known as TRUSTUK.For any company who has been accredited by assuranceUK can display the commitUK hallmark on their website. For the depleted business, this gives believability a nd can pass on consumer confidence greatly. organized religionUK have also linked up with other organisations who also offer accreditation for websites adhering to set TrustUK standards, these are known as code owners.If your small business takes many issues similar to the ones discussed, then you should have no worry gaining accreditation. To find out more visit the TrustUK web siteThe feign of technological innovations on e-commerceThe Internets emf for e-commerceThe evidence back up e-commerce growth and potential can be staggering when one considers the accomplishments in this field just over the last a few(prenominal) years.The potential impact, and issues surrounding, e-commerce and the practising controller.E-commerce is seen as a major(ip) area of growth over the next few years and near every known retailer is developing some form of web presence, for example WHSmith has recently launched an online book selling service. In addition, there are a number of high profil e web-only retailers such as Amazon.co.uk. The commercial viability of these ventures is yet to be established, although stock market value would have us believe they will be highly profitable.virtuoso of the main factors seen by many as holding back the supercharge and faster education of e-commerce, certainly outside the high profile names, is the lack of trust by consumers in the on-line retailer. This blankets issues such as the innovation of the company, the sales pitch of goods ordered, the ability to return unsatisfactory goods and perhaps, most importantly, the security of personal information and credit card details.A number of specialist organisations now attempt to provide assurance to consumers, on some or all of the trust issues defined above. When a business meets the qualifying criteria established by such an organisation, it may display a mold of approval of approval on its website. The consumer is able to click on the sealing wax to obtain further informatio n regarding the meaning of the seal. unrivaled such seal is CPA meshing Trust (www.cpawebtrust.org). The American add of Certified Public Accountants and the Canadian Institute of lease Accountants developed this product. The Institutes of chartered Accountants in the UK and Ireland have obtained a licence to cover these territories.To obtain a Web Trust seal, a business will be subjected to an audit, by an accredited firm, of its business processes and security issues. Where the Web Trust criteria are satisfied a seal (which must be renew on a quarterly basis) will be issued.ACCA investigated fully the benefits of obtaining a Web Trust licence to enable its firms to offer this service, but the last was taken that this was not appropriate for a number of reasonsThe cost to the victor body of obtaining a licence from AICPA/CICAResearch carried out by the European Consortium for Web Assurance and Trust (ECWAT) group (in which ACCA participates) indicates that in business-to-co nsumer e-commerce, the well-known traditional retailer or web retailer has a large advantage over the unknown retailer, even where the unknown retailer carries a seal. This would indicate that outside a great deal specialised markets the client might drive to have a significant profile built through marketing to make e-commerce viable. These clients are unlikely to be common to small practicesECWAT research indicates that consumers would place significantly more reliance on a seal provided/backed by a Consumer Union/Association than by an accountantCarrying out a Web Trust audit requires the firm to obtain a licence, undertake training and have a level of technical foul expertise that may not exist, nowThe US experience suggests that Web Trust has not yet taken off as a service scorn it having been available for around 18 months. Recently there were 18 organisations on the list of current Web Trust sites of these, tetrad are master key method of accounting bodiesThere are c ompetitors to Web Trust, which potentially will be in a very strong position. For example, allow for Inc is focusing on the issue of digital certificates to vouch for the authenticity of sites. This is being done in conjunction with the browser technology of Microsoft, AOL and Netscape. These browsers will mechanically recognise Entrust.net website certificates when visitors connect to a siteThe Consumers Association has launched a which? Web Trader seal which is designed to offer assurance to consumers and unlike the Web Trust seal is issued free of charge. Further details can be found at http//www.which.net/webtrader/index.html.Given that ACCA is not able to offer members the Web Trust licence, how should members croak involved in e-commerce?It is clear that e-commerce is a maturement market, but it is judge that the principal area of growth will not be a consumer buying over the internet (although this market will be substantial) but in the area of business-to-business transa ctions. The business to business market may not have the same issues relating to trust, as businesses are likely to look to form on-going relationships, and there are already established meat of making electronic payments. It is unlikely that businesses will move to payment with order, as is the case with much business to consumer e-commerce.A likely scenario is that important customers will want to be able to order online, check stock availability, prices and delivery times and be confident that the order will be delivered as expected.The accountant could play an important role in advising his/her client on this transformation, by assisting in areas such as integration with existing accounting records and processes, ensuring security and back-up procedures are maintained properly, and generally that efficient and best use is made of information technology.A 1 Cycles is Committed to developing e-commerce and alter practitioners to participate in this exciting market. Look out for further developments in future issues of In Practice.Electronic CommerceElectronic Commerce often shortened to E-commerce is the name given to selling and buying things using the Internet.E-commerce is important because * Many people now have Internet connections.Information about goods and services for sale can be put on the World Wide Web.Setting up a company website and doing business through it can be a lot more cost effective than using purely traditional shops.* Companies can have a national or even international customer reach with a website.* People do not leave their homes to shop using E-Commerce.* The costs of delivery of goods are low and many carriers are available.* People can find exactly what they need without hunting round shops or phoning around.Traditional Business PracticesMany people have an aspiration and have the resources to go out and do traditional shoppingTraditional business practises are easy to exploit and cheap to do for example marketing is a lot mo re easy to exploit as you generally have a idea who you target audience isYou can look at your product try it out and even negotiate lowering the priceAdvantages for e-commerce disadvantages concerning traditional business practices* Larger market and more options for consumers. This creates more market competition, thus driving down prices and forcing better retail practices.* Dont have to leave home and fight trafficdelivered to door* In many cases, a larger selection is available.* Consumers are able to research a product and its competitors more thoroughly before purchase and compare many prices from different retailers.* No sales tax.* Open 24 hours a day / seven days a week, which is very beneficial to those who can not find time to go to a store and for those who just want to shop whenever they feel like it.* Do not have to deal with the sales atmosphere.* Friendlier no rude salespeople who ignore customers* Can find what you are looking for a the touch of a button sizes, co lours, etcDisadvantages for e-commerce advantages concerning traditional business practices* Waiting for a shipment to arrive in the mail* Shipping Charges* Lack of confidence in personal information transfer on-line* Ease of fraudulent retailers and sites. The fluctuation and mental unsoundness of Internet retailers makes it difficult for new retailers to establish a reputation because many do not survive. Therefore, there is a lack of confidence that exists in trusting Internet retailers.* Lose the traditional shopping experience and the instant gratification that many really enjoy.* Lack of taxes reduces the tax revenues that states and cities might otherwise collect from traditional retailers.* Traditional retail stores are at a disadvantage to Internet retailers due to the lack of Internet sales tax.* Many are still to computer-illiterate to take advantage of this avenue of commerce* KNOWLEDGE OF D.P.AThe law is catching up with the online world. The progressive migration of b usiness to the web is forcing reappraisal of intellectual property rights and their protection, and clarifying the meaning of intellectual property in a connected world.Any customer purchasing or using goods or services has certain rights through legislation and regulation of which impact upon their relationship with the organisation selling the products and service. The implication of the customer rights will be different for manufacturers compared for example with a retailer under the trade description 1968 and 1972 any description of goods and services given by a person acting in the trade or business should be accurate and not misleading failure to do so is a criminal offence. The sale of goods act 1979 places obligation on the buyer and seller on products and services. The seller of goods must ensure the goods are they own legal ownership. Products are of merchantable quality. Fit for the person for normal use meets the description and are delivered on time. The customer once a greed to buy a product has entered a contart with the seller and obliged to pay for the price agreed at the timeof contract. If the goods are faulty, the customer has a right for a full refund. If the fault is identified to the customer at the time of contract the customer cannot cause a caseCustomers have no rights if they change their minds about goods or damage goods themselvesManufacturer guarantee may add to customer right under the supplier and seller act 1982 any goods supplied under contract must confirm to terms and conditions under the consumer protect 1987 people injured by faulty or defected goods have the right to sueThe Data Protection Act 1998 and the InternetThe new Data Protection Act 1998 came into force on 1 March 2000. The Act has received considerable publicity, both because its ambit is wider than its predecessor, the 1984 Data Protection Act is, and because of the greater and more flexible powers given to the Data Protection Commissioner and to individuals to enforce the Act.The Act has significant implications for the Internet and for e-commerce in particular. As the European Commission Working Party on data protection commented The Internet is not a legal vacuum. Processing of personal data on the Internet has to respect data protection principles just as in the off-line world.Obtaining consentUnder the new Act, it is often necessary or advisable for data controllers (organisations which obtain, store, or use personal data about an individual) to obtain the individuals consent to these activities. What amounts to consent in cyberspace is a difficult, largely unresolved issue. The more serious the consequences of data processing for the individual, the more careful the organisation must be to ensure that the individual is in possession of any information which he or she requires to give not just consent, but informed consent. This information should be provided in a way, which is clear, prominent, and easily accessible. If the informati on is scattered over various disparate website pages, informed consent may not have been given. E-commerce traders must think carefully about whether, in each case, failure to click on an opt-out box will be sufficient, or whether a specific opt-in box should be provided.Obtaining consent from minors is a difficult area for e-commerce traders, particularly those retailing goods or services, which are attractive to children and teenagers, such as computer games. The Data Protection Registrar has indicated that, as under-18s cannot generally be bound to a contract under English law, they can also not be deemed to have consented to the processing of their personal data. However, can a third party, even a parent or guardian, consent to processing on behalf of a minor? In addition, how does an organisation know when it is dealing with a minor in cyberspace no tell-tale handwriting hereThe US government has adopted a Childrens On-line Privacy Protection Act, which deals with the point ex pressly, but there is no indication that the UK government intends to address the issues in a similar way.Privacy policiesMany companies have adopted a privacy policy or statement which is published on their website as a useful way of addressing data protection issues. Privacy policies typically state who the data controller is, what personal data is being collected, and what will happen to it, in particular to whom data may be transferred. A privacy policy may also give information about the right to opt-out of direct marketing details of any mechanism for individuals to update or amend their personal data information about the use of cookies and invisible data capture and a disclaimer for third-party sites linked to the website.To be effective, it is important that privacy policies are clear, prominent, and easily accessible from relevant pages. If you rely on a privacy policy alone to demonstrate that the subject has consented to precessing, then you should take steps to ensure t hat they must scroll through the page before providing their data.Invisible data captureConcerns have been raised about the data protection implications of invisible data processing during web browsing. For example, many companies use techniques which gather information about a website visitor, such as their IP address, the type of browser and operating system they use, and previous sites they have visited. This information has been described as a clicktrail about an individual, recording the pattern of their Internet use.There is some debate as to whether this information, which is largely anonymised, qualifies as personal data. The European Commission Working Group adopted a bullish view in its 1999 Recommendations, regarding IP addresses, for example, as personal data. Website owners wishing to make use of invisible data capture metyhods are advised to bring them within their data protection procedures.Website hostsOften an external host or web manager will oversee the running of the server on which a website is hosted. For the purposes of the Data Protection Act 1998, the commercial entity which owns the website will normally be the data controller in relation to personal data obtained via the website, whereas the host will be a data processor processing data on its behalf. Under the new Act, data controllers are liable for processing undertaken on their behalf by such data processors. The data controller must actively police the data protection procedures of any person processing data on its behalf, and must enter into a written contract with its data processors, requiring them to maintain certainty security measures and to process personal data only in accordance with instructions.Extra-EEA transferWebsite proprietors must pay particular attention to the eighth data protection principle, concerning the transfer of personal data outside the European Economic Area. Initially, there was concern that merely sending e-mails, which, for example, may travel fro m one side of London to the other via the United States, would frequently infringe this principle. However, the Data Protection Commissioner distinguishes in recent guidance between the transfer and transit of data, and states that, provided an electronic transfer of data starts and ends in an EEA country, the principle will not be infringed.ConclusionAs with many provisions of the new Act, the distinction between transfer and transit of information is ambiguous and uncertain. The Data Protection Registrar has said that she appreciates the difficulties in understanding and applying the new Act. To begin with, therefore, she is unlikely to enforce the new provisions to the letter, if data controllers try to comply with the spirit of the Act. However, given that it will ultimately fall to the courts to decide what amounts to compliance, and that individuals may now police processing themselves, those dealing with personal data on the Internet must take the new rules very seriously.Leg al IssuesUnder UK law, consumers have the same rights as in any other forms of trade. The government are also striving to change existing laws to help to clear up any ambiguity in current law to help e-commerce and ultimately consumer protection across the Internet. So, if you are unfamiliar with any of the following laws and regulations, now is the time to find out.* The Data Protection Act 1998* The Consumer Protection Act 1998* British Codes of Advertising and Sales Promotion* The Distance Selling Regulations 2000* The Unfair Contract Act 1977 and 1999 regulations* The sales of Goods Act 1979* The Consumer Credit Act 1974* The Trade Descriptions Act 1968Qualify your intentionsIn 1999, the government set up a self-regulatory scheme to develop and enhance confidence in UK e-commerce. Its aim was to act as a symbol of good web trading via an agreed minimum standard for online trading. For the small business, this can mean that you are accredited as good online e-service. This organi sation is known as TRUSTUK.For any company who has been accredited by TrustUK can display the TrustUK hallmark on their website. For the small business, this gives credibility and can boost consumer confidence greatly.TrustUK have also linked up with other organisations who also offer accreditation for websites adhering to set TrustUK standards, these are known as code owners.If your small business takes many issues similar to the ones discussed, then you should have no problem gaining accreditation. To find out more visit the TrustUK web siteThe impact of technological innovations on e-commerceThe Internets potential for e-commerceThe evidence supporting e-commerce growth and potential can be staggering when one considers the accomplishments in this field just over the last few years.The potential impact, and issues surrounding, e-commerce and the practising accountant.E-commerce is seen as a major area of growth over the next few years and virtually every well-known retailer is de veloping some form of web presence, for example WHSmith has recently launched an online book selling service. In addition, there are a number of high profile web-only retailers such as Amazon.co.uk. The commercial viability of these ventures is yet to be established, although stock market values would have us believe they will be highly profitable.One of the main factors seen by many as holding back the further and faster development of e-commerce, certainly outside the high profile names, is the lack of trust by consumers in the on-line retailer. This covers issues such as the existence of the company, the delivery of goods ordered, the ability to return unsatisfactory goods and perhaps, most importantly, the security of personal information and credit card details.A number of specialist organisations now attempt to provide assurance to consumers, on some or all of the trust issues outlined above. When a business meets the qualifying criteria established by such an organisation, it may display a seal of approval on its website. The consumer is able to click on the seal to obtain further information regarding the meaning of the seal.One such seal is CPA Web Trust (www.cpawebtrust.org). The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants developed this product. The Institutes of Chartered Accountants in the UK and Ireland have obtained a licence to cover these territories.To obtain a Web Trust seal, a business will be subjected to an audit, by an accredited firm, of its business processes and security issues. Where the Web Trust criteria are satisfied a seal (which must be renewed on a quarterly basis) will be issued.ACCA investigated fully the benefits of obtaining a Web Trust licence to enable its firms to offer this service, but the decision was taken that this was not appropriate for a number of reasonsThe cost to the professional body of obtaining a licence from AICPA/CICAResearch carried out by the Eu ropean Consortium for Web Assurance and Trust (ECWAT) group (in which ACCA participates) indicates that in business-to-consumer e-commerce, the well-known traditional retailer or web retailer has a large advantage over the unknown retailer, even where the unknown retailer carries a seal. This would indicate that outside much specialised markets the client might need to have a significant profile built through marketing to make e-commerce viable. These clients are unlikely to be common to small practicesECWAT research indicates that consumers would place significantly more reliance on a seal provided/backed by a Consumer Union/Association than by an accountantCarrying out a Web Trust audit requires the firm to obtain a licence, undertake training and have a level of technical expertise that may not exist, nowThe US experience suggests that Web Trust has not yet taken off as a service despite it having been available for around 18 months. Recently there were 18 organisations on the li st of current Web Trust sites of these, four are professional accounting bodiesThere are competitors to Web Trust, which potentially will be in a very strong position. For example, Entrust Inc is focusing on the issue of digital certificates to vouch for the authenticity of sites. This is being done in conjunction with the browser technology of Microsoft, AOL and Netscape. These browsers will automatically recognise Entrust.net website certificates when visitors connect to a siteThe Consumers Association has launched a which? Web Trader seal which is designed to offer assurance to consumers and unlike the Web Trust seal is issued free of charge. Further details can be found at http//www.which.net/webtrader/index.html.Given that ACCA is not able to offer members the Web Trust licence, how should members become involved in e-commerce?It is clear that e-commerce is a growing market, but it is expected that the principal area of growth will not be a consumer buying over the internet (a lthough this market will be substantial) but in the area of business-to-business transactions. The business to business market may not have the same issues relating to trust, as businesses are likely to look to form on-going relationships, and there are already established means of making electronic payments. It is unlikely that businesses will move to payment with order, as is the case with much business to consumer e-commerce.A likely scenario is that important customers will want to be able to order online, check stock availability, prices and delivery times and be confident that the order will be delivered as expected.The accountant could play an important role in advising his/her client on this transformation, by assisting in areas such as integration with existing accounting records and processes, ensuring security and back-up procedures are maintained properly, and generally that efficient and best use is made of information technology.A 1 Cycles is Committed to developing e- commerce and enabling practitioners to participate in this exciting market. Look out for further developments in future issues of In Practice.